References
- Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller C, Lacour B, Kaatsch P. International classification of childhood cancer, third edition. Cancer. 2005;103(7):1457–1467. doi:10.1002/cncr.20910.
- Canadian Cancer Society/National Cancer Institute of Canada. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2008. Toronto, Canada. https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/neuroblastoma/statistics/. Published 2008. Accessed August 17, 2021.
- Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2019. Toronto, ON: Canadian Cancer Society. https://cancer.ca/Canadian-Cancer-Statistics-2019-EN. Published September 2019. Accessed August 17, 2021.
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada. Cancer in Young People in Canada Data Tool. 2020 Edition. Public Health Infobase. Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/data-tools/cypc/. Published 2020. Accessed August 20, 2021.
- Ellison L, Janz T. Childhood cancer incidence and mortality in Canada. Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 82-624-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-624-x/2015001/article/14213-eng.pdf?st=uzNoRI5h. Accessed August 17, 2021.
- Public Health Agency of Canada. Trends in age-standardized incidence rates of childhood cancers among children aged 0 to 14, annual percent change (APC), by cancer group and sex, Canada, 1992 to 2010. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/chronic-diseases/cancer/cancer-children-canada-0-14-years.html#inc. Accessed August 20, 2021
- Shore DL, Sandler DP, Davey FR, McIntyre OR, Bloomfield CD. Acute leukemia and residential proximity to potential sources of environmental pollutants. Arch Environ Health. 1993;48(6):414–420. doi:10.1080/00039896.1993.9938369.
- White E, Aldrich TE. Geographic studies of pediatric cancer near hazardous waste sites. Arch Environ Health. 1999;54(6):390–397. doi:10.1080/00039899909602220.
- Rice JM, Wilbourn JD. Tumors of the nervous system in carcinogenic hazard identification. Toxicol Pathol. 2000;28(1):202–214. doi:10.1177/019262330002800125.
- Burgio E, Piscitelli P, Colao A. Environmental carcinogenesis and transgenerational transmission of carcinogenic risk: From genetics to epigenetics. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1791. doi:10.3390/ijerph15081625.
- Fucic A, Guszak V, Mantovani A. Transplacental exposure to environmental carcinogens: Association with childhood cancer risks and the role of modulating factors. Reprod Toxicol. 2017;72(Complete):182–190. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.044.
- Goovaerts P. Medical geography: a promising field of application for geostatistics. Math Geol. 2009;41:243–264. doi:10.1007/s11004-008-9211-3.
- Dummer TJ. Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning. CMAJ. 2008;178(9):1177–1180. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071783.
- Stock K, Guesgen H. Geospatial reasoning with open data in automating open-source intelligence. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/geospatial-data. Published 2016.
- Simkin J, Erickson AC, Otterstatter MC, et al. Current state of geospatial methodologic approaches in Canadian population oncology research. Epidemiology. 2020;31(Suppl 1):S34–S40. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000001156.
- Baccarelli A, Bollati V. Epigenetics and environmental chemicals. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(2):243–251. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832925cc.
- Heck JE, Ritz B, Hung RJ, Hashibe M, Boffetta P. The epidemiology of neuroblastoma: a review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009;23(2):125–143. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00983.x.
- -Schulte E, Kurlemann G, Harder A. Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103(5):F467–F473. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-314032.
- Ferrís I, Tortajada J, Ortega-García JA, et al. Factores de riesgo para el neuroblastoma [Risk factors for neuroblastoma]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2005;63(1):50–60. Spanish. PMID: 15989872 doi:10.1157/13076768.
- Lewandowska AM, Rudzki M, Rudzki S, Lewandowski T, Laskowska B. Environmental risk factors for cancer—review paper. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(1):1–7. doi:10.26444/aaem/94299.
- Shakeel O, Lupo PJ, Strong S, Arora M, Scheurer ME. A brief review of the current knowledge on environmental toxicants and risk of pediatric cancers. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2022;39(3):193–202. doi:10.1080/08880018.2021.1979147.
- Buser JM, Lake K, Ginier E. Environmental risk factors for childhood cancer in an era of global climate change: a scoping review. J Pediatr Health Care. 2022;36(1):46–56. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2021.05.005.
- Ntzani E, Karalexi M, Markozannes G, Tagkas CF. Environmental influences on childhood cancer risk: an umbrella review. Authorea. 2022;6(22). doi: 10.22541/au.165486268.87677869/v1.
- Peters S, Glass DC, Greenop KR, et al. Childhood brain tumours: associations with parental occupational exposure to solvents. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(5):998–1003. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.358.
- Daniels JL, Olshan AF, Teschke K, et al. Residential pesticide exposure and neuroblastoma. Epidemiology. 2001;12(1):20–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3703674 doi:10.1097/00001648-200101000-00005.
- Knox EG. Oil combustion and childhood cancers. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(9):755–760. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.031674.
- Knox EG. Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(2):101–105. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.021675.
- Ortega-García JA, López-Hernández FA, Fuster-Soler JL, Martínez-Lage JF. Space-time clustering in childhood nervous system tumors in the region of Murcia, Spain, 1998-2009. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(11):1903–1911. doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1483-0.
- Konstantinoudis G, Kreis C, Ammann RA, et al. Spatial clustering of childhood cancers in Switzerland: a nationwide study. Cancer Causes Control. 2018;29(3):353–362. doi:10.1007/s10552-018-1011-6.
- Hsieh MH, Meng MV, Walsh TJ, Matthay KK, Baskin LS. Increasing incidence of neuroblastoma and potentially higher associated mortality of children from nonmetropolitan areas: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;31(12):942–946. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181bcc809.
- Kumar SV, Lupo PJ, Pompeii LA, Danysh HE. Maternal residential proximity to major roadways and pediatric embryonal tumors in offspring. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(3):505. doi:10.3390/ijerph15030505.
- De Roos AJ, Olshan AF, Teschke K, et al. Parental occupational exposures to chemicals and incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(2):106–114. doi:10.1093/aje/154.2.106.
- Council on Environmental Health. Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1757–e1763. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2757.
- Zachek CM, Miller MD, Hsu C, et al. Children’s cancer and environmental exposures: professional attitudes and practices. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;37(7):491–497. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000416.
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Haematology/Oncology. https://www.sickkids.ca/en/care-services/clinical-departments/haematology-oncology-cancer/. Published 2022. Accessed November 17, 2023.
- Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 and Bills and related documents. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/canadian-environmental-protection-act-registry/related-documents.html. Accessed July 19, 2021.
- Government of Canada. Using and Interpreting data from the National Pollutant Release Inventory. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-pollutant-release-inventory/using-interpreting-data.html. Updated November 29, 2023. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- Boscoe FP, Ward MH, Reynolds P. Current practices in spatial analysis of cancer data: data characteristics and data sources for geographic studies of cancer. Int J Health Geogr. 2004;3(1):28. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-3-28.
- Matés JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J. Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using ROS-mediated mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49(9):1328–1341. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.028.
- Kerr MA, Nasca PC, Mundt KA, Michalek AM, et al. Parental occupational exposures and risk of neuroblastoma: a case-control study (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(7):635–643. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3554167 doi:10.1023/a:1008951632482.
- Heck JE, Park AS, Qiu J, Cockburn M, Ritz B. An exploratory study of ambient air toxics exposure in pregnancy and the risk of neuroblastoma in offspring. Environ Res. 2013;127:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2013.09.002.
- Kim MS, Kim MK, Kim KS, et al. Cytotoxicity of 1,2-diacetylbenzene in human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells is mediated by oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2008;243(1-2):216–223. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.012.
- Habibi L, Shokrgozar MA, Motamedi M, Akrami SM. Effect of heavy metals on silencing of engineered long interspersed element-1 retrotransposon in nondividing neuroblastoma cell line. Iran Biomed J. 2013;17(4):171–178. doi:10.6091/ibj.1230.2013.
- A, Lewné M, Walum E. Acute toxicity of organic solvents, heavy metals and DDT tested in cultures of mouse neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol Lett. 1981;9(2):101–106. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378427481900242 doi:10.1016/0378-4274(81)90024-2.
- Dioxin and Dioxin Compounds: Toxic Equivalency Information. US Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/dioxin-and-dioxin-compounds-toxic-equivalency-information. Accessed July 19, 2021.
- Environmental Systems Research Institute. ArcGIS Pro. https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/resources. Updated 2023. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- LightBox/DMTI. GIS/Mapping. https://www.dmtispatial.com. Updated 2023. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- Government of Canada. Explore National Pollutant Release Inventory data. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-pollutant-release-inventory/tools-resources-data/exploredata.html. Updated November 29, 2023. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- Environmental Systems Research Institute. How Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation works. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/analysis/geostatistical-analyst/how-inverse-distance-weighted-interpolation-works.htm. Accessed December 9, 2023.
- CRAN. The Comprehensive R Archive Network. https://cran.r-project.org. Updated 2023. Accessed July 19, 2021.
- National Pollutant Release Inventory. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/pollution-waste-management/national-pollutant-release-inventory.html. Accessed July 19, 2021.
- R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/. Published 2021.
- SAS® Institute Inc. SAS® OnDemand for Academics. https://www.sas.com/en_us/software/on-demand-for-academics.html. Updated 2023. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada. Cancer in Young People in Canada Data Tool. 2020 Edition. Public Health Infobase. Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2023.
- North American Industry Classification System. NAICS manual. https://www.census.gov/naics/reference_files_tools/2022_NAICS_Manual.pdf. Published 2022.
- Carlos-Wallace FM, Zhang L, Smith MT, Rader G, Steinmaus C. Parental, in utero, and early-life exposure to benzene and the risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(1):1–14. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv120.
- McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith M. Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukaemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(2):240–252. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgr297.
- Fernandes RM, Eiró LG, Dos Santos Chemelo V, Paz Alvarenga MO, et al. Chapter 14: Aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress. In: Patel VB, Preedy VR, eds. Toxicology. Academic Press/Elsevier; 2021:127–135. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819092-0.00014-5.
- Yokel RA. Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(7):551–593. doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1801575.
- M, Bachetti T, Corrias MV, et al. Recent advances in the developmental origin of neuroblastoma: an overview. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41(1):92. doi:10.1186/s13046-022-02281-w.
- Johnsen JI, Dyberg C, Wickström M. Neuroblastoma—a neural crest derived embryonal malignancy. Front Mol Neurosci. 2019;12:9. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00009.
- García-Pérez J, Morales-Piga A, Gómez-Barroso D, et al. Risk of neuroblastoma and residential proximity to industrial and urban sites: a case-control study. Environ Int. 2016;92-93:269–275. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.023.
- Ortega-García JA, López-Hernández FA, Cárceles-Álvarez A, Fuster-Soler JL, et al. Childhood cancer in small geographical areas and proximity to air-polluting industries. Environ Res. 2017;156:63–73. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.009.
- Geographic Information Systems & Science for Cancer Control—The National Cancer Institute. https://gis.cancer.gov/. Updated August 8, 2023. Accessed December 12, 2021.
- Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Exposure Assessment—National Cancer Institute. https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/how-we-study/exposure-assessment/gis-environmental-exposure. Accessed December 12, 2021.
- Hashemi Amin F, Ghaemi M, Mostafavi SM, et al. A Geospatial database of gastric cancer patients and associated potential risk factors including lifestyle and air pollution. BMC Res Notes. 2021;14(1):91. doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05506-x.
- Yomralioglu T, Colak EH, Aydinoglu AC. Geo-relationship between cancer cases and the environment by GIS: a case study of Trabzon in Turkey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(12):3190–3204. doi:10.3390/ijerph6123190.
- Todd P, Whitehead CM, Wiemels JL, et al. Childhood leukemia and primary prevention. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2016;46(10):317–352. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.08.004.
- Braun JM, Gray K. Challenges to studying the health effects of early life environmental chemical exposures on children’s health. PLoS Biol. 2017;15(12):e2002800. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002800.
- Terracini B. Epidemiology of childhood cancer. Environ Health. 2011;10(Suppl 1):S8. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-S1-S8.
- National Research Council (US). Committee on Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2007.
- Government of Canada. Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory: data highlights. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-pollutant-release-inventory/tools-resources-data/fact-sheet.html. Updated September 29, 2022. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- Government of Ontario. About Ontario: Manufacturing. https://www.ontario.ca/page/about-ontario#section-1. Updated May 09, 2023. Accessed December 7, 2023.
- Joint WHO/Convention Task Force on the Health Aspects of Air Pollution. Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/78657/E88189.pdf. Published 2005. Accessed December 7, 2023.