How does buoyancy influence front‐crawl performance? Exploring the assumptions

References

• Houssay , F. 1912 . Forme, Puissance et Stabilité des Poissons (form, force and stability offish) , Paris : Hermann et Fils .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , J. 1757 . An essay towards ascertaining the specific gravity of living men . Philosophical Transactions , 50 : 30 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , JB. 1874 . Animal Locomotion , New York : Appleton and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Cotton , CE and Newman , JA. 1978 . Buoyancy characteristics of children . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 4 : 129 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Packard , JC. 1900 . Specific gravity of the human body . Scientific American Supplement , May 12 : 20382
   Google Scholar
• Sandon , F. 1924 . A preliminary inquiry into the density of the living male human body . Biometrika , 16 : 404 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Rork , R and Hellebrandt , FA. 1937 . The floating ability of women . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 8 : 19 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Carmody , JF. 1965 . Factors influencing the horizontal motionless floating position of the human body . New Zealand Journal of Physical Education , 37 : 15 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , JEL . 1955 . Buoyancy and floatation . New Zealand Journal of Physical Education , 6 : 14 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Gangon , M and Montpetit , R. 1981 . Technological development for the measurement of the center of volume in the human body . Journal of Biomechanics , 14 : 235 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• McLean , SP and Hinrichs , R. 1998 . Sex difference in the center of buoyancy location of competitive swimmers . Journal of Sports Science , 16 : 373 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean , SP and Hinrichs , R. 2000 . Influence of arm position and lung volume on the center of buoyancy of competitive swimmers . Research Quarterly , 71 : 182 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendergast , DR , di Prampero , PE , Craig , AB , Wilson , DR and Rennie , DW . 1977 . Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women . Journal of Applied Physiology , 43 (3) : 475 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Chatard , JC , Bourgaoi , B and Lacour , JR . 1990a . Passive drag is still a good evaluator of swimming aptitude . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 59 : 399 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatard , JC , Lavoie , JM and Lacour , JR. 1990b . Analysis of determinants of swimming economy in front crawl . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 61 : 88 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capelli , C , Zamparo , P Cigalotto , A . 1995 . Bioenergetics and biomechanics of front crawl swimming . Journal of Applied Physiology , 78 : 674 – 679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie , DW , Pendergast , DR and di Prampero , PE . 1975 . “ Energetics of swimming in man ” . In Swimming II , Edited by: Clarys , JP and Lewillie , L . 97 – 104 . Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zamparo , P , Capelli , C , Termin , B , Pendergast , DR and di Prampero , PE . 1996 . Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 73 : 195 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjendlie , P‐L , Ingjer , F , Stallman , RK and Stray‐Gundersen , J. 2004 . Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 93 : 65 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counsilman , JE. 1968 . The Science of Swimming. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• McArdle , WD , Katch , FI and Katch , VL. 1986 . Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, , 2nd edn , Philadelphia, PA : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Yanai , T. 2001 . Rotational effect of buoyancy in front crawl: Does it really cause the legs to sink? . Journal of Biomechanics , 34 : 235 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armour , J and Donnelly , PM. 1993 . The large lungs of elite swimmers: an increased alveolar number? . European Respiratory Journal , 6 : 237 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher , W. 1975 . “ The influence of leg kick and the arm stroke on the total sped during the crawl stroke ” . In Swimming II , Edited by: Clarys , JP and Lewillie , L . 97 – 104 . Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hollander , AP , de Groot , G , van Ingen , S , Kahman , R and Toussaint , HM . 1988 . “ Contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming ” . In Swimming Science V. Human Kinetics Edited by: Ungerechts , BE , Wilke , K and Reischle , K . 39 – 44 . Champaign, IL
   Google Scholar
• Holmer , I. 1974 . Energy cost of arm stroke, leg kick, and the whole stroke in competitive swimming . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 33 : 105 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpovich , PV. 1935 . Analysis of the propelling force in the crawl stroke . Research Quarterly , 6 : 49 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Watkins , J , Gordon , AT. and de Groot , G . 1983 . “ The effects of leg suction on performance in the sprint front crawl stroke ” . In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming , Edited by: Hollander , AP and Huijing , PA . 310 – 314 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Schleihauf , RE , Gray , L and DeRose , J. 1983 . “ Three‐dimensional analysis of hand propulsion in the sprint front crawl stroke ” . In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming , Edited by: Hollander , P , Huijing , P and de Groot , G . 173 – 183 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Yanai , T. 2008 . “ Biomechanics of front crawl‐swimming buoyancy as measure of anthropometric quantity or a motion‐dependent quantity? ” . In The Impact of Technology on Sports II. , Edited by: Fuss , FK , Subic , A and Ujihasi , S . 547 – 559 . London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• School of Life System Science and Technology, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu, Toyota 470–0393, Japan E‐mail: [email protected]‐u.ac.jp
   Google Scholar