563
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gender Variant Children and Adolescents

The Epidemiology of Transsexualism in Iran

, , , , , & show all
Pages 83-93 | Published online: 04 Jan 2011

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatry Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed., Text Rev , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Bakker , A. , van Kesteren , P. J. and Gooren , L. J. 1993 . The prevalence of transsexualism in The Netherlands . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 87 : 237 – 238 .
  • Benjamin , H. 1969 . Newer aspects of the transsexual phenomenon . Journal of Sex Research , 5 : 135 – 144 .
  • Blanchard , R. , Clemmensen , L. and Steiner , B. 1987 . Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 16 : 139 – 152 .
  • Blanchard , R. and Sheridan , P. M. 1992 . Sibship size, sibling sex ratio, birth order, and parental age in homosexual and nonhomosexual gender dysphorics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 180 : 40 – 47 .
  • Blanchard , R. , Zucker , K. J. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. , Gooren , L. J. and Bailey , J. M. 1996 . Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 25 : 495 – 514 .
  • Bower , H. 2001 . Gender identity disorder in the DSM-IV classification: A critical evaluation . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 35 : 1 – 8 .
  • Civil law . 1928 . Iran
  • Cole , C. M. , O’Boyle , M. , Emory , L. E. and Meyer , W. J. 1997 . Comorbidity of gender dysphoria and other major psychiatric diagnoses . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 26 : 13 – 26 .
  • Coleman , E. , Colgan , P. and Gooren , L. 1992 . Male cross-gender behavior in Myanmar (Burma): A description of the acault . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 21 : 313 – 321 .
  • De Cuypere , G. , Janes , C. and Rubens , R. 1995 . Psychosocial functioning of transsexuals in Belgium . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 91 : 180 – 184 .
  • De Cuypere , G. , Van Hemelrijck , M. , Michel , A. , Carael , B. , Heylens , G. , Rubens , R. and Monstrey , S. 2007 . Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium . European Psychiatry , 22 : 137 – 141 .
  • Eftekhar Ardebili , M. , Nasr , M. , Rasoulian , M. , Ghalehbandi , M. F. , Danesh Amouz , B. and Salehi , M. 2007 . Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Tehran: A household study . Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , 1 : 33 – 37 .
  • Eftekhar , M. and Moshtagh , N. 2007 . “ Transsexualism, Iran ” . In Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures , Edited by: Joseph , S. Vol. IV , 145 – 146 . Leiden : Koninklijke Brill NV .
  • Garrels , L. , Kockott , G. , Michael , N. , Preuss , W. , Renter , K. , Schmidt , G. and Windgassen , K. 2000 . Sex ratio of transsexuals in Germany: The development over three decades . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 102 : 445 – 448 .
  • Giltay , E. J. , Gooren , L. J. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. , Boenink , A. D. , Eeckhout , A. M. and Heller , H. M. 2004 . Comorbidity of gender identity disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 934 author reply, 935
  • Godlewski , J. 1988 . Transsexualism and anatomic sex ratio reversal in Poland . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 17 : 547 – 548 .
  • Gooren , L. 1989 . Godlewski has drawn attention to the sex ratio of transsexuals requesting sexological treatment in Poland . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 18 : 537 – 538 .
  • Gooren , L. 2006 . The biology of human psychosexual differentiation . Hormones and Behavior , 50 : 589 – 601 .
  • Heiman , E. M. and Cao Van , L. 1975 . Transsexualism in Vietnam . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 4 : 89 – 95 .
  • Hepp , U. , Kraemer , B. , Schnyder , U. , Miller , N. and Delsignore , A. 2005 . Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 58 : 259 – 261 .
  • Hoenig , J. and Kenna , J. C. 1974 . The prevalence of transsexualism in England and Wales . British Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 181 – 190 .
  • Kersting , A. , Reutemann , M. , Gast , U. , Ohrmann , P. , Suslow , T. , Michael , N. and Arolt , V. 2003 . Dissociative disorders and traumatic childhood experiences in transsexuals . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 191 : 182 – 189 .
  • Kim , T.-S. , Cheon , Y.-H. , Pae , C.-U. , Kim , J.-J. , Lee , C.-U. , Lee , U.-J. and Lee , C. 2006 . Psychological burdens are associated with young male transsexuals in Korea . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 60 : 417 – 421 .
  • Landen , M. , Walinder , J. and Lundstrom , B. 1996a . Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 93 : 221 – 223 .
  • Landen , M. , Walinder , J. and Lundstrom , B. 1996b . Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 93 : 261 – 263 .
  • McHale , S. M. , Updegraff , K. A. , Helms-Erikson , H. and Crouter , A. C. 2001 . Sibling influences on gender development in middle childhood and early adolescence: A longitudinal study . Developmental Psychology , 37 : 115 – 125 .
  • Mehrabi , F. 1996 . Study of some demographic characteristics of transsexualism in Iranian patients in Persian . Andishe-ve-Raftaar , 2 : 6 – 13 .
  • Meyer , W. J.,III. 2004 . Comorbidity of gender identity disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 934 – 935 . author reply, 935
  • Moshtagh-Bidokhti , N. , Shayesteh-Khoo , S. H. , Eftekhar-Ardebili , M. and Mehrabi , F. 2008 . Strategies of discussing AIDS and their relation to anxiety about AIDS among sexual minorities in Iran . Sexologies , 17 : S162
  • Nourbala , A. and Mohammad , K. 2001 . [Health disease assessment in Iran.] in Persian. Ministry of Health and Education and National Research Center for Medical Sciences Tehran, , Iran
  • Okabe , N. , Sato , T. , Matsumoto , Y. , Ido , Y. , Terada , S. and Kuroda , S. 2008 . Clinical characteristics of patients with gender identity disorder at a Japanese gender identity disorder clinic . Psychiatry Research , 157 : 315 – 318 .
  • Olsson , S. E. and Moller , A. R. 2003 . On the incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden, 1972–2002 . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 32 : 381 – 386 .
  • Passport law . 1994 . “ Islam Republic of Iran ” .
  • Pauly , I. 1968 . The current status of change of sex operation . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 147 : 460 – 471 .
  • Rahman , Q. , Wilson , G. D. and Abrahams , S. 2004 . Biosocial factors, sexual orientation and neurocognitive functioning . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 29 : 867 – 881 .
  • Rust , J. , Golombok , S. , Hines , M. , Johnston , K. and Golding , J. 2000 . The role of brothers and sisters in the gender development of preschool children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 77 : 292 – 303 .
  • Sadock , B. J. , Kaplan , H. I. and Sadock , V. A. 2007 . “ Gender identity disorders ” . In Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry , 718 – 726 . Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
  • Shayestehkhou , S. , Moshtagh-Bidokhti , N. , Eftekhar , M. and Mehrabi , F. 2008 . Family environment of homosexual and transsexuals in Iran . Sexologies , 17 : S55 – S56 .
  • Statistics Center of Iran: National Statistics Book 1386 . 2008 . “ Iran statistics center ” . Tehran, , Iran
  • Stompe , T. , Ortwein-Swoboda , G. , Friedmann , A. and Chaudhry , H. R. 1999 . Sibling orders of schizophrenic patients in Austria and Pakistan . Psychopathology , 32 : 281 – 291 .
  • Tsoi , W. F. 1988 . The prevalence of transsexualism in Singapore . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 78 : 501 – 504 .
  • Walinder , J. 1968 . Transsexualism: Definition, prevalence and sex distribution . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. , 203 : 255 – 258 .
  • Walinder , J. 1971 . Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden . British Journal of Psychiatry , 119 : 195 – 196 .
  • Wang , Q. 2001 . Culture effects on adults’ earliest childhood recollection and self-description: Implications for the relation between memory and the self . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 220 – 233 .
  • Zucker , K. J. , Blanchard , R. , Kim , T. S. , Pae , C. U. and Lee , C. 2007 . Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual transsexual South Korean men: Effects of the male-preference stopping rule . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 61 : 529 – 533 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.