Children's Alexithymia Measure (CAM): A New Instrument for Screening Difficulties with Emotional Expression

References

• Achenbach , T. M. and Rescorla , L. A. 2001 . Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles , Burlington, VT : University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families .
   Google Scholar
• Bagby , R. M. , Parker , J. D. A. and Taylor , G. J. 1994 . The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 38 : 23 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , L. F. , Gross , J. , Christensen , T. C. and Benvenuto , M. 2001 . Knowing what you're feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation . Cognition & Emotion , 15 : 713 – 724 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker , M. H. , Croon , M. A. , van Balkom , E. G. A. and Vermee , J. B. G. 2008 . Predicting individual differences in autonomy-connectedness: The role of body awareness, alexithymia, and assertiveness . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 64 : 747 – 765 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.20486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. A. 2006 . Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research , New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , D. C. , Waterhouse , G. J. and West , S. C. Jr. 1980 . A proposed neurophysiological basis of alexithymia . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 34 : 248 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher , G. and Thomas , M. 2009 . Social problem solving in chronic fatigue syndrome: Preliminary findings . Stress and Health , 25 : 161 – 169 . doi: 10.1002/smi.1233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi , J. , Deane , F. P. , Wilson , C. J. and Rickwood , D. 2002 . Adolescents who need help the most are the least likely to seek it: The relationship between low emotional competence and low intention to seek help . British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , 30 : 173 – 188 . doi: 10.1080/03069880220128047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi , J. , Heaven , P. C. L. and Suparadeeprasit , S. 2008 . The link between emotion identification skills and socioemotional functioning in early adolescence. A 1-year longitudinal study . Journal of Adolescence , 31 : 565 – 582 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre , M. , Cohen , L. R. and Koenen , K. C. 2006 . Treating survivors of childhood abuse: Psychotherapy for the interrupted life , New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre , M. , Scarvalone , P. and Difede , J. 1997 . Posttraumatic stress disorder, self- and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 : 437 – 452 . doi: 10.1023/A:1024893305226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, A., Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. (Eds.). (2003). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Retrieved from National Child Traumatic Stress Network Web site, http://www.NCTSNet.org (http://www.NCTSNet.org)
   Google Scholar
• Dion , K. L. 1996 . Ethnolinguistic correlates of alexithymia: Toward a cultural perspective . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 41 : 531 – 539 . doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00295-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Toit , M. 2003 . IRT from SSI: BILOG-MG, MULTILOG, PARSCALE, TESTFACT , Lincolnwood, IL : Scientific Software International, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , E. , Bibby , P. A. , Rosamond , S. , O'Grady , C. , Parcell , A. Amos , C. 2009 . Alexithymia, cumulative feedback, and differential response patterns on the Iowa Gambling Task . Journal of Personality , 77 : 883 – 902 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00568.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , J. D. 2005 . Treatment implications of altered neurobiology, affect regulation and information processing following child maltreatment . Psychiatric Annals , 35 : 410 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen , P. A. , Lanius , R. A. , Dozois , D. J. A. , Neufeld , R. W. J. , Pain , C. Hopper , J. W. 2008 . Clinical and neural correlates of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 117 : 171 – 181 . doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunishi , I. , Chishima , Y. and Anze , M. 1994 . Posttraumatic stress disorder and alexithymia in burn patients . Psychological Reports , 75 : 1371 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunishi , I. , Yoshida , H. and Wogan , J. 1998 . Development of the Alexithymia Scale for Children: A preliminary study . Psychological Reports , 82 : 43 – 49 . doi: 10.2466/PR0.82.1.43-49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall , S. E. K. , Geher , G. and Brackett , M. A. 2004 . “ The measurement of emotional intelligence in children: The case of reactive attachment disorder ” . In Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy , Edited by: Geher , G. 199 – 217 . Happage, NY : Nova Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Haviland , M. G. and Reise , S. P. 1996 . A California Q-set alexithymia prototype and its relationship to ego-control and ego-resiliency . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 41 : 597 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haviland , M. G. , Warren , W. L. and Riggs , M. L. 2000 . An observer scale to measure alexithymia . Psychosomatics , 41 : 385 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendryx , M. S. , Haviland , M. G. and Shaw , D. G. 1991 . Dimensions of alexithymia and their relationships to anxiety and depression . Journal of Personality Assessment , 56 : 227 – 237 . doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5602_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkalampi , K. , Koivumaa-Honkanen , H. , Hintikka , J. , Antikainen , R. , Haatainen , K. Tanskanen , A. 2004 . Do stressful life events or sociodemographic variables associate with depression and alexithymia among a general population? A 3-year follow-up study . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 45 : 254 – 260 . doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkalampi , K. , Saarinen , P. , Hintikka , J. , Virtanen , V. and Viinamaki , H. 1999 . Factors associated with alexithymia in patients suffering from depression . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 68 : 270 – 275 . doi: 10.1159/000012343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukamaa , M. , Saarijarvi , S. , Muuriaisniemi , M. L. and Salokangas , R. K. R. 1996 . Alexithymia in a normal elderly population . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 37 : 144 – 147 . doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90576-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukamaa , M. , Taanila , A. , Miettunen , J. , Karvonen , J. T. , Koskinen , M. and Veijola , J. 2007 . Epidemiology of alexithymia among adolescents . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 63 : 373 – 376 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten , T. R. , Krystal , J. H. , Giller , E. L. Jr. , Frank , J. and Dan , E. 1992 . Alexithymia as a predictor of treatment response in post-traumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 5 : 563 – 573 . doi: 10.1002/jts.2490050406
   Google Scholar
• Krystal , H. 1974 . The genetic development of affects and affect regression . Annual of Psychoanalysis , 2 : 98 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Krystal , H. 1988 . Integration and self healing: Affect, trauma, alexithymia , Hillsdale, NJ : Analytic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krystal , J. H. , Giller , E. L. and Cicchetti , D. V. 1986 . Assessment of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder and somatic illness: Introduction of a reliable measure . Psychosomatic Medicine , 48 : 84 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levant , R. F. , Hall , R. J. , Williams , C., M. and Hasan , N. T. 2009 . Gender differences in alexithymia . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 10 : 190 – 203 . doi: 10.1037/a0015652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikolajczak , M. and Luminet , O. 2006 . Is alexithymia affected by situational stress or is it a stable trait related to emotion regulation? . Personality and Individual Differences , 40 : 1399 – 1408 . doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestin , J. , Furrer , R. and Malti , T. 2005 . Different traumatic experiences are associated with different pathologies . Psychiatric Quarterly , 76 : 19 – 32 . doi: 10.1007/s11089-005-5578-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 2006 . Mplus user's guide , 4th , Los Angeles, CA : Muthén & Muthén .
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , P. , Minton , K. and Pain , C. 2006 . Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy , New York, NY : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , J. D. A. , Taylor , G. J. and Bagby , R. M. 1989 . The alexithymia construct: Relationship with sociodemographic variables and intelligence . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 30 : 434 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peace , K. A. and Bouvier , K. A. 2008 . Alexithymia, dissociation, and social desirability: Investigating individual differences in the narrative content of false allegations of trauma . Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , 47 ( 1 ) : 138 – 167 . doi: 10.1080/10509670801941035
   Google Scholar
• Pollatos , O. , Herbert , B. M. , Schandry , R. and Gramann , K. 2008 . Impaired central processing of emotional faces in anorexia nervosa . Psychosomatic Medicine , 70 : 701 – 708 . doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817e41e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieffe , C. , Oosterveld , P. , Miers , A. C. , Meerum Terwogt , M. M. and Ly , V. 2008 . Emotion awareness and internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: The Emotion Awareness Questionnaire revised . Personality and Individual Differences , 45 : 756 – 761 . doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. B. 1987 . Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys , New York, NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ruesch , J. 1948 . The infantile personality: The core problem of psychosomatic medicine . Psychosomatic Medicine , 10 : 134 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The SAS System for Windows . 2002–2007 . (Release 9.2) [Computer software] , Cary, NC : The SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Schore , A. N. 1994 . Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Schore , A. N. 2001 . Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health [Special issue: Contributions from the decade of the brain to infant mental health] . Infant Mental Health Journal , 22 ( 1–2 ) : 7 – 66 . doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:13.0.CO;2-N
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipko , S. , Alvarez , W. A. and Noviello , N. 1983 . Towards a teleological model of alexithymia: Alexithymia and post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 39 : 122 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , D. J. 2001 . Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “mindsight,” and neural integration [Special issue: Contributions from the decade of the brain to infant mental health] . Infant Mental Health Journal , 22 ( 1–2 ) : 67 – 94 . doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:13.0.CO;2-G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos , P. E. 1973 . The prevalence of alexithymic characteristics in psychosomatic patients . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 22 : 255 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos , P. E. 1983 . Psychotherapies for psychosomatic and alexithymic patients . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 40 : 66 – 73 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor , G. J. 1994 . The alexithymia construct: Conceptualization, validation, and relationship with basic dimensions of personality . New Trends in Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry , 10 : 61 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Teten , A. L. , Miller , L. A. , Bailey , S. D. , Dunn , N. J. and Kent , T. A. 2008 . Empathic deficits and alexithymia in trauma-related impulsive aggression [Special issue: Impulsivity and the law] . Behavioral Sciences & the Law , 26 : 823 – 832 . doi: 10.1002/bsl.843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. , Roth , S. , Pelcovitz , D. , Sunday , S. and Spinazzola , J. 2005 . Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 : 389 – 399 . doi: 10.1002/jts.20047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanheule , S. 2008 . Challenges for alexithymia research: A commentary on “The construct of alexithymia: Associations with defense mechanism.” . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 64 : 332 – 337 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.20467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Way , I. , Yelsma , P. , Van Meter , A. and Black-Pond , C. 2007 . Understanding alexithymia and language skills in children: Implications for assessment and intervention . Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools , 38 : 128 – 139 . doi: 10.1044/0161-1461(2007/013)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin , S. B. , McNally , R. J. and Cassiday , K. L. 1993 . Alexithymia in victims of sexual assault: An effect of repeated victimization? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 661 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. , Mattia , J. I. and Zimmerman , M. 2001 . The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood trauma and alexithymia in an outpatient sample . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 14 : 177 – 188 . doi: 10.1023/A:1007899918410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonnevylle-Bender , M. J. S. , van Goozen , S. H. M. , Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. , van Elburg , A. and van Engeland , H. 2004 . Emotional functioning in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients: A controlled study . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 13 : 28 – 34 . doi: 10.1007/s00787-004-0351-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar