The Role of Social Support for Israeli Adolescents Continually Exposed to Terrorism: Protective or Compensatory Factors?

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author . text revision
   Google Scholar
• Amlund-Hagen , K. , Myers , B. J. and Mackintosh , V. H. 2005 . Hope, social support, and behavioral problems in at-risk children . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, , 75 ( 2 ) : 211 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asarnow , J. , Glynn , S. , Pynoos , R. S. , Nahum , J. , Guthrie , D. , Cantwell , D. P. and Franklin , B. 1999 . When the earth stops shaking: Earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed for pre-earthquake psychopathology . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 38 : 1016 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal , S. , Crombez , G. , Van Oost , P. and Debourdeaudhuij , I. 2003 . The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents . Child Abuse & Neglect, , 27 : 1377 – 1395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bat-Zion , N. and Levy-Shiff , R. 1993 . “ Children in war: Stress and coping reactions under the threat of Scud missile attacks and the effect of proximity ” . In The psychological effects of stress and violence on children , Edited by: Leavitt , L. A. and Fox , N. A. 143 – 162 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Beck , E. W. 1972 . Screening depressed patients in family practice . Postgraduate Medicine, , 52 : 81 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Arieh , A. 2004 . Children in Israel: Statistical abstract , Jerusalem, Israel : National Council for the Child .
   Google Scholar
• Bleich , A. , Gelkopf , M. , Melamed , Y. and Solomon , Z. 2006 . Mental health and resiliency following 44 months of terrorism: A survey of an Israeli national representative sample . BMC Medicine, , 4 ( 21 ) : 113 – 135 . doi: 10.1186/1741–7015–4–21.
   Google Scholar
• Bleich , A. , Gelkopf , M. and Solomon , Z. 2003 . Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel . Journal of the American Medical Association, , 290 : 612 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. 2004 . Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? . American Psychologist , 59 : 20 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. , Galea , S. , Bucciarelli , A. and Vlahov , D. 2006 . Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack . Psychological Science , 17 ( 3 ) : 181 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brajsa-Zganec , A. 2005 . The long term effects of war experiences on children's depression in the Republic of Croatia . Child Abuse & Neglect , 29 ( 1 ) : 31 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. and Valentine , J. D. 2000 . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 748 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canty-Mitchell , J. and Zimet , G. D. 2000 . Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in urban adolescents . American Journal of Community Psychology, , 28 : 391 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. and Yahav , R. 2008 . Acute stress symptoms during the second Lebanon war in a random sample of Israeli citizens . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 21 ( 1 ) : 118 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Wills , T. A. 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colarossi , L. G. and Eccles , J. S. 2003 . Differential effects of support providers on adolescents' mental health . Social Work Research , 27 ( 1 ) : 19 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , C. G. and George , L. K. 1994 . Religious involvement, social ties, and social support in a southeastern community . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 33 : 46 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , C. G. and Levon , J. S. 1998 . The religion-health connection: Evidence, theory and future directions . Health Education & Behavior , 25 : 700 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrother , G. , Stuber , J. , Galea , S. , Fleischman , A. R. and Pfefferbaum , B. 2003 . Posttraumatic stress reactions in New York City children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . Ambulatory Pediatrics , 3 : 304 – 311 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. and Horwood , L. J. 2003 . “ Resilience to childhood adversity: Results of a 21-year study ” . In Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities , Edited by: Luthar , S. S. 1 – 25 . New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gelkopf , M. , Solomon , Z. , Berger , R. and Bleich , A. 2008 . The mental health impact of terrorism in Israel: A repeat cross-sectional study of Arabs and Jews . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 117 : 369 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurwitch , R. H. , Sitterle , K. A. , Young , B. H. and Pfefferbaum , B. 2002 . “ The aftermath of terrorism. In A. M. La Greca ” . In Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism , Edited by: Silverman , W. K. , Vernberg , E. M. and Roberts , M. C. 327 – 357 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S. E. 1989 . Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress . American Psychologist , 44 : 513 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S. E. , Johnson , R. J. , Ennis , N. and Jackson , A. P. 2003 . Resources loss, resources gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 632 – 643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoven , C. W , Duarte , C. S. and Mandell , D. J. 2003 . Children's mental health after disasters: The impact of the World Trade Center attack . Current Psychiatry Reports, , 5 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Intelligence Terrorism Information Center. (2004). Jerusalem as a target for terrorism in the last four years of the Palestinian-Israel conflict [Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/sp/c_t/s_report/4years.htm
   Google Scholar
• Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2008). Victims of Palestinian violence and terrorism since September 2000. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm
   Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. , Williams , R. and Yule , W. 1997 . Understanding post-traumatic stress: A psychosocial perspective on PTSD and treatment , London, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , P. T and O'Donnell , D. A. 2003 . Consequences of child exposure to war and terrorism . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 6 ( 4 ) : 275 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaniasty , K. and Norris , F. H. 1993 . A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of a natural disaster . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 395 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler , K. S. , Gardner , C. O. and Prescott , C. A. 1997 . Religion, psychopathy and substance use and abuse: A multimeasure genetic-epidemiologic study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 322 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingman , A. 1995 . Israeli children's responses to the stress of the Gulf War . School Psychology International , 16 : 303 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostenly , K. and Garbarino , J. 1994 . Coping with the consequences of living in danger: The case of Palestinian children and youth . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 17 : 595 – 611 .
   Google Scholar
• La Greca , A. M. , Silverman , W. K. , Vernberg , E. M. and Prinstein , M. J. 1996 . Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children after Hurricane Andrew: A prospective study . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, , 64 : 712 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murberg , T. A. and Bru , E. 2004 . Social support, negative life events and emotional problems among Norwegian adolescents . School Psychology International , 25 : 387 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , F. H. and Kaniasty , K. 1996 . Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 71 : 498 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , C. S. , Nixon , S. J. , Shariat , S. , Mallonee , S. , McMillan , J. C. , Spitznagel , E. L. and Smith , E. M. 1999 . Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 755 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , C. S. and Pfefferbaum , B. 2002 . Research on the mental health effects of terrorism . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 633 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , D. B. , Cobb , J. and O'Connor , R. C. 2003 . Religiosity, stress and psychological distress: No evidence for an association among undergraduate students . Personality and Individual Differences , 34 : 211 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne , L. N. and Rhodes , J. E. 2001 . The role of life stress and social support in the adjustment of sexually victimized pregnant and parenting minority adolescents . American Journal of Community Psychology , 29 : 833 – 849 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozer , E. J. , Best , S. R. and Lipsey , T. L. 2003 . Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 129 ( 1 ) : 52 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament , K. I. 1997 . The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice , New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk , R. 2005 . “ Posttraumatic distress in Israeli adolescents exposed to ongoing terrorism: Selected findings from school-based screenings in Jerusalem and nearby settlements ” . In The trauma of terrorism: Sharing knowledge and shared care, An international handbook , Edited by: Danieli , Y. , Brom , D. and Sills , J. 335 – 347 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth .
   Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk , R. , Abramovitz , R. , Peled , O. , Brom , D. , Daie , A. and Chemtob , C. M. 2007 . Adolescent exposure to recurrent terrorism in Israel: Posttraumatic distress and functional impairment . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 77 ( 1 ) : 76 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk , R. , Chemtob , C. M. , Abramovitz , R. , Baum , N. , Daie , A. and Brom , D. 2002 . The Israeli trauma exposure and functional impairment , Jerusalem, Israel : Israel Center for the Treatment of Psychotrauma .
   Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk , R. , Peled , O. , Miron , T. , Brom , D. , Villa , Y. and Chemtob , C. M. 2007 . Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 ( 1 ) : 66 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk , R. , Schiff , M. and Doppelt , O. 2006 . Maintaining routine despite ongoing exposure to terrorism: A healthy strategy for adolescents? . Journal of Adolescent Health , 39 : 199 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. and Harber , K. D. 1993 . A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War . Journal of Social Issues , 49 ( 4 ) : 125 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , DeVoe , E. R. , Stuber , J. , Schiff , M. , Klein , T. P. and Fairbrother , G. 2005 . “ Psychological impact of terrorism and families in the United States ” . In The trauma of terrorism: Sharing knowledge and shared care, an international handbook , Edited by: Danieli , Y. , Brom , D. and Sills , J. 305 – 317 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth .
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Doughty , D. E. , Reddy , C. , Patel , N. , Gurwitch , R. H. , Nixon , S. J. and Tivis , R. D. 2002 . Exposure and peritraumatic response as predictors of posttraumatic stress in children following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing . Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , 79 : 354 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Stuber , J. , Galea , S. and Fairbrother , G. 2006 . Panic reactions to terrorist attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 19 ( 2 ) : 217 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pina , A. A. , Villalta , I. K. , Ortiz , C. D. , Gottschall , A. C. , Costa , N. M. and Weems , C. F. 2008 . Social support, discrimination, and coping as predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in youth survivors of Hurricane Katrina . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 37 : 564 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine , D. S. and Cohen , J. A. 2002 . Trauma in children and adolescents: Risk and treatment of psychiatric sequelae . Biological Psychiatry , 51 : 519 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , N. , Steinberg , A. and Pynoos , R. S. 1999 . UCLA PTSD index for DSM-IV instrument information: Child version, parent version, adolescent version , Los Angeles : UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Services .
   Google Scholar
• Sattler , D. N. , Preston , A. J. , Kaiser , C. F. , Olivera , V. E. , Valdez , J. and Schlueter , S. 2002 . Hurricane George: A cross-national study of examining preparedness, resource loss, and psychological distress in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and the United States . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 15 : 339 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff , M. 2006 . Living in the shadow of terrorism: Psychological distress and alcohol use among religious and non-religious adolescents in Jerusalem . Social Science and Medicine, , 62 : 2301 – 2312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff , M. , Pat-Horenczyk , R. , Benbenishty , R. , Brom , D. , Baum , N. and Astor , R. A. 2009 . Do adolescents know when they need help in the aftermath of war? , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Schreurs , K. M. G. and deRidder , D. T. D. 1997 . Integration of coping and social support perspectives: Implications for the study of adaptation to chronic diseases . Clinical Psychology Review , 17 : 89 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster , M. A. , Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. H. , Collins , R. L. , Marshall , G. N. , Elliott , M. N. and Berry , S. H. 2001 . A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . New England Journal of Medicine , 345 : 1507 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever , I. , Somer , E. , Ruvio , A. and Soref , E. 2008 . Gender, distress, and coping in response to terrorism . Affilia-Journal of Women and Social Work, , 23 ( 2 ) : 156 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , A. Y. and Freedman , S. 2005 . PTSD following terrorist attacks: A prospective evaluation . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 162 : 1188 – 1191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , J. A. 2003 . Children exposed to war/terrorism . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, , 6 : 237 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , B. D. , Elliott , M. N. , Jaycox , L. H. , Collins , R. L. , Berry , S. H. , Klein , D. J. and Schuster , M. A. 2004 . A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: Reactions, impairment, and help-seeking . Psychiatry, , 67 ( 2 ) : 105 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay , C. , Hébert , M. and Piché , C. 1999 . Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims . Child Abuse & Neglect, , 23 : 929 – 945 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Updegraff , J. A. , Silver , R. C. and Holman , E. A. 2008 . Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: Results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 95 : 709 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaleski , E. H. , Levey-Thors , C. and Schiaffino , K. M. 1998 . Coping mechanisms, stress, social support, and health problems in college students . Applied Developmental Science, , 2 ( 3 ) : 127 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimet , G. D. , Dahlem , N. W. , Zimet , S. G. and Farley , G. K. 1988 . The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support . Journal of Personality Assessment , 52 ( 1 ) : 30 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar