3,571
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Civilian Oversight for Democratic Policing and its Challenges: Overcoming Obstacles for Improved Police Accountability

ORCID Icon

References

  • Agbiboa, D. E. (2015). Protectors or predators? The embedded problem of police corruption and deviance in Nigeria. Administration & Society, 47(3), 244–281. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095399713513142
  • Aitchison, A., & Blaustein, J. (2013). Policing for democracy or democratically responsive policing? Examining the limits of externally driven police reform. European Journal of Criminology, 10(4), 496–511. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1477370812470780
  • Ajilore, O. (2018, June 25). How civilian review boards can further police accountability and improve community relations. Scholars Strategy Network. Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://scholars.org/print/pdf/node/16105.
  • Alemika, E. E. O. (2011). Policing oversight in Africa: Prospects, opportunities and challenges. In S. Tait, C. Frank & I. Ndung’u (Eds.), Workshop report–policing oversight: Advances, challenges and prospects (pp. 3–8). Institute for Security Studies.
  • Alemika, E. E. O. (2018). The constraints of rights-based policing in Africa. In E. E. O. Alemika, M. Ruteere & S. Howell (Eds.), Policing reform in Africa (pp. 14–43). APCOF.
  • Alemika, E. E. O. (2019). Police accountability in Africa. Keynote Paper for the Conference on Police Accountability in Africa: Achieving Effective, Legitimate and Sustainable Security Sector Reforms, Nairobi, Kenya, July 3‒4. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://aaajd.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/International-Conference-on-Police-Accountability-in-Africa-Report_Kenya.pdf.
  • Ali, M. U., & Pirog, M. (2019). Social accountability and institutional change: The case of citizen oversight of police. Public Administration Review, 79(3), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13055
  • Alpert, G. P., Cawthray, T., Rojek, J., & Ferdik, F. (2016). Citizen oversight in the United States and Canada: Applying outcome measures and evidence-based concepts. In T. Prenzler & G. den Heyer (Eds.), Civilian oversight of police: Advancing accountability in law enforcement (pp. 179–204). CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
  • Amnesty International. (2015). Police Oversight. Amnesty International Dutch Section.
  • APCOF. (n.d.). Organization strategy. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from http://apcof.org/about-us/.
  • Asbjørnsen, K. (2017). Succeeding with security sector reform: How important is local ownership. The SAIS Europe Journal of Global Affairs, 20(Spring), 75–83.
  • Attard, B. (2010). Oversight of law enforcement is beneficial and needed—Both inside and out. Pace Law Review, 30(5), 1548–1561. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/plr/vol30/iss5/12
  • Aydin-Aitchison, A., & Mermutluoğlu, C. (2020). Mapping human rights to democratic policing through the ECHR. Security and Human Rights, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-03001001
  • Ball, N. (2010). The evolution of the security sector reform agenda. In M. Sedra (Ed.), The future of security sector reform (pp. 29–44). The Centre for International Governance Innovation.
  • Bangura, I. (2018). Democratically transformed or business as usual: The Sierra Leone police and democratic policing in Sierra Leone. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.601
  • Bayley, D. (2015). Human rights in policing: A global assessment. Policing and Society, 25(5), 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2014.895352
  • Bayley, D. H. (2001). Democratizing the police abroad: What to do and how to do it. National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Bayley, D. H. (2006). Changing the guard: Developing democratic police abroad. Oxford University Press.
  • Berg, J. (2013). Civilian oversight of police in South Africa: From the ICD to the IPID. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.767094
  • Berg, J., & Howell, S. (2016). Civilian oversight of police in Africa: Trends and challenges. In T. Prenzler & G. den Heyer (Eds.), Civilian oversight of police: Advancing accountability in law enforcement (pp. 121–138). CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
  • Bierschenk, T. (2017). Who are the police in Africa? In J. Beek, M. Göpfert, O. Owen, & J. Steinberg (Eds.), Police in Africa: The street-level view (pp. 103–120). Oxford University Press.
  • Bittner, E. (1980). The functions of the police in modern society. Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain Publishers.
  • Bobb, M., & Pearsall, A. (2010). The changing mission of police monitoring. Community Policing Dispatch, 3(1), 43.
  • Boghani, P. (2016, July 13). Is civilian oversight the answer to distrust of police? Frontline. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/is-civilian-oversight-the-answer-to-distrust-of-police/.
  • Bonner, M. D. (2019). What democratic policing is … and is not. Policing and Society, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2019.1649405
  • Bonner, M. D., Seri, G., Kubal, M. R., & Kempa, M. (Eds.). (2018). Police abuse in contemporary democracies. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer.
  • Bourke, C. (n.d.). Police complaints, civilian oversight, democracy. Retrieved December 12, 2018. from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34184047/police-complaints-civilian-oversight-democracy-scadding-court.
  • Bovens, M., & Wille, A. (2020). Indexing watchdog accountability powers: A framework for assessing the accountability capacity of independent oversight institutions. Regulation & Governance. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12316
  • Briggs, W. (2017). Police oversight: Civilian oversight boards and lessons learned from our neighbors to the north. Suffolk Transnational Law Review, 40(1), 139–164.
  • Byrne, J., & Priestley, W. (2017). Police oversight mechanisms in the council of Europe member States. Council of Europe Publishing.
  • CACOLE. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from http://www.cacole.ca/index-eng.shtml.
  • Calderon, E. L., & Hernandez-Figueroa, M. (2013). Citizen oversight committees in law enforcement. Center for Public Policy, University of California. Retrieved July 24, 2018, from http://cpp.fullerton.edu/pdf/cpp_policeoversight_report.pdf.
  • Cao, L., Huang, L., & Sun, I. Y. (2014). Policing in Taiwan: From authoritarianism to democracy. Routledge.
  • CAPG. (n.d.). Who we are. Retrieved January 20, 2019, from http://capg.ca/who-we-are/.
  • Choi, K. J. (2015). Politics of law enforcement: Policing and police reform in new democracies [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
  • Cintrón Perino, J. R. (2004). Developments in citizen oversight of law enforcement. The Urban Lawyer, 36(2), 387–398.
  • City of Austin, Office of the Police Monitor. (2018). Police oversight advisory working group recommendations. Office of the Police Monitor, City of Austin.
  • Clarke, S. (2009). Arrested oversight: A comparative analysis and case study of how civilian oversight of the police should function and how it fails. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 43(1), 1–49. http://jlsp.law.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/43-Clarke.pdf
  • CRCC. (2009). Police investigating police: Final public report. CRCC.
  • Crowell, M. (2016). Police officers’ attitudes toward civilian oversight mechanisms in Ontario, Canada [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  • Cruz, J. M. (2015). Police misconduct and political legitimacy in Central America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 47(2), 251–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X15000085
  • DCAF (Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces). (2015a). The security sector: Roles and responsibilities in security provision, management and oversight. SSR Backgrounder Series. DCAF.
  • DCAF (Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces). (2015b). The police: Roles and responsibilities in good security sector governance. SSR Backgrounder Series. DCAF.
  • DCAF (Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces). (2019). Police Reform: Applying the principles of good security sector governance to policing. SSR Backgrounder Series. DCAF.
  • De Angelis, J., Rosenthal, R., & Buchner, B. (2016a). Civilian oversight of law enforcement: A review of the strengths and weaknesses of various models. NACOLE.
  • De Angelis, J., Rosenthal, R., & Buchner, B. (2016b). Civilian oversight of law enforcement: assessing the evidence. NACOLE.
  • Decker, S. H., & Shjarback, J. A. (2020). Options for increasing civilian oversight of the police. In C. M. Katz & E. R. Maguire (Eds.), Transforming the police: Thirteen key reforms (pp. 113–125). Waveland Press.
  • den Boer, M., & Pyo, C., (with the assistance of Scheltus, C., Mathai-Luke, R.). (2011). Good Policing: Instruments, Models and Practices. Singapore: Asia-Europe Foundation and Jakarta, Indonesia: Hanns Seidel Foundation Indonesia. Retrieved June 15, 2018, from https://www.asef.org/images/docs/Good%20Policing%20-%20Instruments,%20Models%20and%20Practices%20-%20FINAL.pdf.
  • den Heyer, G., & Beckley, A. (2016). Police independent oversight in Australia and New Zealand. In T. Prenzler & G. den Heyer (Eds.), Civilian oversight of police: Advancing accountability in law enforcement (pp. 205–225). CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
  • Diallo, F. S. (2019). State policing in Sub-Saharan Africa: The weakest link of security sector governance. L’ Harmattan.
  • Diaz, E. I. (2009). Police oversight. In J. de Rivera (Ed.), Handbook on building cultures of peace (pp. 287–301). Peace Psychology Book Series, Springer.
  • Eckhard, S. (2016). The challenges and lessons learned in supporting security sector reform. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Ellison, G. (2007). A blueprint for democratic policing anywhere in the world? Police reform, political transition, and conflict resolution in Northern Ireland. Police Quarterly, 10(3), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611107304735
  • EPAC (European Partners Against Corruption). (2011). Police oversight principles. Retrieved May 12, 2018, from https://igp.gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/service/attributions/police-oversight-principles.pdf.
  • Evenson, M. (n.d.). Embracing citizen oversight: A police executive’s guide to improving accountability. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from https://www.coursehero.com/file/44542895/EvensonProjFinal311-1doc/.
  • Fairley, S. R. (2020). Survey says? U.S. cities double down on civilian oversight of police despite challenges and controversy. Cardozo Law Review de Novo. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from http://cardozolawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FAIRLEY.DN_.2019.pdf.
  • Faull, A. (2013). Monitoring the performance of police oversight agencies. African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Policy Paper 8. Retrieved October 12, 2018, from http://apcof.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/No-8-Monitoring-Performance-of-Police-Oversight-Agencies-Andrew-Faull.pdf.
  • Feys, Y., Verhage, A., & Boels, D. (2018). A state-of-the-art review on police accountability: What do we know from empirical studies? International Journal of Police Science & Management, 20(3), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461355718786297
  • Fichtelberg, A. (2013). Democratic policing and state capacity in an integrated world. In G. Andreopoulos (Ed.), Policing across borders: Law enforcement networks and the challenges of crime control (pp. 11–26). Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Filstad, C., & Gottschalk, P. (2011). Performance evaluation of police oversight agencies. Policing and Society, 21(1), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2010.540653
  • Finn, P. (2001). Citizen review of police: Approaches and implementation. Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice.
  • Flores-Macίas, G. A., & Zarkin, J. (2019). The militarization of law enforcement: Evidence from Latin America. Perspectives on Politics. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719003906
  • Friedman, B. (2017). Unwarranted: Policing without permission. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Friedman, B., & Ponomarenko, M. (2015). Democratic policing. New York University Law Review, 90(6), 1827–1907.
  • Goldsmith, A., & Lewis, C. (Eds.). (2000). Civilian oversight of policing: Governance, democracy and human rights. Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury.
  • Goold, B. J. (2016). Policing and human rights. In B. Bradford, B. Jauregui, I. Loader & J. Steinberg (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of global policing (pp. 226–240). Sage.
  • Greene, J. R. (2007). Make police oversight independent and transparent. Criminology & Public Policy, 6(4), 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00477.x
  • Guzmán-Sánchez, R., & Espriú-Guerra, A. (2014). External police oversight in Mexico: Experiences, challenges, and lessons learned. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.ek
  • Haberfeld, M., & Gideon, L. (2008). Introduction: Policing is hard on democracy, or democracy is hard on policing? In M. R. Haberfeld & I. Cerrah (Eds.), Comparative policing: The struggle for democratization (pp. 1–12). Sage.
  • Hall, S. K. (2017). Jamaica moves to regulate the use of force in law enforcement. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Retrieved May 12, 2018, from http://www.coha.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Jamaica-Moves-to-Regulate-the-Use-of-Force-in-Law-Enforcement.pdf.
  • Harris, F. C. (2013). Holding police accountability theory to account [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
  • Hills, A. (2017). Epilogue. In J. Beek, M. Göpfert, O. Owen, & J. Steinberg (Eds.), Police in Africa: The street-level view (pp. 263–268). Oxford University Press.
  • Hope, K. R. (2015). In pursuit of democratic policing: An analytical review and assessment of police reforms in Kenya. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 17(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355715580915
  • Hope, K. R. (Ed.). (2016). Police corruption and police reforms in developing societies. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
  • Hope, K. R. (2017). Corruption and Governance in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer.
  • Hope, K. R. (2018). Institutions and the culture dimension of corruption in Nigeria. Crime, Law and Social Change, 70(4), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9779-6
  • Hope, K. R. (2019a). Civilian oversight for democratic policing: Concept, models and challenges. Research Working Paper. Development Practice International.
  • Hope, K. R. (2019b). The police corruption ‘crime problem’ in Kenya. Security Journal, 32(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-018-0149-y
  • Hope, K. R. (2020). Civilian oversight of the police: The case of Kenya. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 93(3), 202–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X19860727
  • Hryniewicz, D. (2011). Civilian oversight as a public good: Democratic policing, civilian oversight, and the social. Contemporary Justice Review, 14(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2011.541078
  • INDECOM. (n.d.). Impact of INDECOM: Changing a culture of impunity. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://www.indecom.gov.jm/about-us/achievements.
  • International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). (2000). Police accountability and citizen review. IACP.
  • IPCA. (n.d.). Why police oversight matters. Retrieved May 12, 2018, from https://most0010142.expert.services/Site/about-us/Why-Police-oversight-matters.aspx.
  • IPID. (2013). Annual performance plan 2013/2014. Retrieved May 20, 2018, from http://www.ipid.gov.za/sites/default/files/documents/AAP%202013-14.pdf.
  • Ivković, S. J., & Borovec, K. (2018). Protecting human rights: A complex story of the democratization of the Croatian police. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 42(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2016.1270841
  • Jackson, P. (2018). Introduction: Second-generation security sector reform. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2018.1426384
  • Jerome, R. (2006). Credibility, impartiality, and independence in citizen oversight. In J. Cintrón Perino (Ed.), Citizen oversight of law enforcement (pp. 21–45). American Bar Association.
  • Jones, T., & van Steden, R. (2013). Democratic police governance in comparative perspective: Reflections from England & Wales and the Netherlands. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36(3), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2012-0059
  • Kang, W., & Nalla, M. K. (2011). Perceived citizen cooperation, police operational philosophy, and job satisfaction on support for civilian oversight of the police in South Korea. Asian Journal of Criminology, 6(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-011-9116-9
  • Kessing, P. V. (2018). Police oversight mechanisms: Note. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from https://www.humanrights.dk/sites/humanrights.dk/files/media/dokumenter/udgivelser/hrs/2018/police_complaint_mechanisms_dihr2018.pdf.
  • Kim, A. (2017). Challenges facing new oversight bodies. CAPI Brief. Center for the Advancement of Public Integrity, Columbia University. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from https://www.law.columbia.edu/public-integrity/challenges-facing-new-oversight-bodies.
  • King, K. (2015). Effectively implementing civilian oversight boards to ensure police accountability and strengthen police-community relations. Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal, 12(1), 91–120.
  • Kunetski, K., & Barkway, K. (2014). Independence in civilian-led investigations of the police. In I. Scott (Ed.), Issues in civilian oversight of policing in Canada (pp. 163–184). Carswell/Thompson Reuters.
  • Kwon, J., & Wortley, S. (2020). Policing the police: Public perceptions of civilian oversight in Canada. Race and Justice. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2153368720924560
  • Lee, H. D., Collins, P. A., Hsieh, M.-L., Boateng, F. D., & Brody, D. (2017). Officer attitudes toward citizen review and professional accountability. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 19(2), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461355717695320
  • Lister, S., & Rowe, M. (2016). Accountability of policing. In S. Lister & M. Rowe (Eds.), Accountability of policing (pp. 1–17). Routledge.
  • Livingston, D. (2004). The unfulfilled promise of citizen review. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 1(2), 653–669.
  • Manning, P. K. (2010). Democratic policing in a changing World. Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
  • Marenin, O. (2014). Styles of policing and economic development in African states. Public Administration and Development, 34(3), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1683
  • Mawby, R. I., & Smith, K. (2017). Civilian oversight of the police in England and Wales: The election of Police and Crime Commissioners in 2012 and 2016. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 19(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461355716677875
  • Mehta, S. (n.d.). Holding police to account for misconduct: Police-specific complaints agencies. Retrieved November 26, 2018, from http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/old/programs/aj/police/res_mat/police_specific_complaints_agencies.pdf.
  • Miller, J., (with the assistance of Merrick, C). (2002). Civilian oversight of policing: Lessons from the literature. Paper prepared for the Global Meeting on Civilian Oversight of Police, Los Angeles, CA, May 5 − 8. Retrieved December 12, 2018, from https://www.vera.org/publications/civilian-oversight-of-policing-lessons-from-the-literature.
  • Murphy, C., McKenna, P. F. (n.d.). Police Investigating Police: A Critical Analysis of the Literature. Retrieved January 14, 2018, from https://www.crcc-ccetp.gc.ca/en/police-investigating-police-critical-analysis-literature.
  • NACOLE. (2015). Building legitimacy and public trust through civilian oversight. Testimony submitted by the National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement to the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, January 9. Retrieved May 12, 2018, from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/nacole/pages/115/attachments/original/1458135958/NACOLE-Written-Testimony-for-the-Presidents-Task-Force-on-21st-Century-Policing-Final1.pdf?1458135958.
  • Nagle, L. E. (2010). Corruption of politicians, law enforcement, and the judiciary in Mexico and complicity across the border. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 21(1), 95–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310903561544
  • Nalla, M. K. (2016). Police accountability and citizen oversight in emerging democracies in Asia. In T. Prenzler & G. den Heyer (Eds.), Civilian oversight of police: Advancing accountability in law enforcement (pp. 139–158). CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
  • Nalla, M. K., & Mamayek, C. (2013). Democratic policing, police accountability, and citizen oversight in Asia: An exploratory study. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.767091
  • Newham, G., & Faull, A. (2011). Protector or predator? Tackling police corruption in South Africa. Institute for Security Studies.
  • Nix, J., Wolfe, S. E., & Tregle, B. (2018). Police officers’ attitudes toward citizen advisory councils. Policing: An International Journal, 41(4), 418–434. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2018-0019
  • OPCC. (2019). Annual report 2018/2019. OPCC.
  • Ofer, U. (2016). Getting it right: Building effective civilian review boards to oversee police. Seton Hall Law Review, 46(4), 1033–1062. https://scholarship.shu.edu/shlr/vol46/iss4/2
  • Ortega, D. E. (2018). The challenge of improving police behavior in Latin America. Brookings Report, March 20. Retrieved June 14, 2019, from https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-challenge-of-improving-police-behavior-in-latin-america/.
  • OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe). (2009). Guidebook on democratic policing. OSCE.
  • Pino, N. W. (2009). Developing democratic policing in the Caribbean: The case of Trinidad and Tobago. Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety, 14(1&2), 214–258.
  • Pino, N. W., & Wiatrowski, M. D. (2006). The principles of democratic policing. In N.W. Pino & M. D. Wiatrowski (Eds.), Democratic policing in transitional and developing Countries (pp. 69–98). Ashgate/Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
  • Policing Project. (n.d.). Strengthening policing through democratic governance. Retrieved October 12, 2018, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a33e881b631bc60d4f8b31/t/59dfa32aa803bb57bb93316c/1507828522861/Policing±Project±2-pager_8.21.17.pdf.
  • Ponomarenko, M., & Friedman, B. (2017). Democratic accountability and policing. In E. Luna (Ed.), Reforming criminal justice: Vol. 2: Policing (pp. 5–25). The Academy for Justice, Arizona State University.
  • Porter, L. E. (2013). Beyond ‘oversight’: A problem-oriented approach to police reform. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.767096
  • Prado, M. M., Trebilcock, M., & Hartford, P. (2012). Police reform in violent democracies in Latin America. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 4(02), 252–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404512000164
  • Prasad, D. (2006). Strengthening democratic policing and accountability in the Commonwealth Pacific. Sur – International Journal on Human Rights, 3(5), 108–131. https://sur.conectas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/sur5-eng-devika-prasad.pdf
  • Prateeppornnarong, D. (2019). The independent systems for handling police complaints in Thailand: A brief assessment. Thai Journal of Public Administration, 17(1), 9–33.
  • Prateeppornnarong, D., & Young, R. (2019). A critique of the internal complaints system of the Thai police. Policing and Society, 29(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2017.1356298
  • Prenzler, T. (2011). The evolution of police oversight in Australia. Policing and Society, 21(3), 284–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.570866
  • Prenzler, T., & Lewis, C. (2005). Performance indicators for police oversight agencies. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 64(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2005.00443.x
  • Prenzler, T., & Ronken, C. (2001). Models of police oversight: A critique. Policing and Society, 11(2), 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2001.9964860
  • President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. (2015). Final report of the president’s task force on 21st century policing. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, US Department of Justice.
  • Pruitt, W. R. (2010). The progress of democratic policing in post-apartheid South Africa. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 4(1), 116–140.
  • Ramsey, L. (2018). Strategies for inclusive and responsive police accountability [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. Walden University. Retrieved January 25, 2020, from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6096/.
  • Roach, K. (2014). Models of civilian police review: The objectives and mechanisms of legal and political regulation of the police. The Criminal Law Quarterly, 61(1), 29–73.
  • Rogers, C. (2014). Maintaining democratic policing: The challenge for police leaders. Public Safety Leadership Research Focus, 2(2), 1–7.
  • Rosenthal, R. A. (2018). Perspectives of directors of civilian oversight of law enforcement agencies. Policing: An International Journal, 41(4), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2018-0018
  • Roth, L. (2015). External oversight of police conduct. Briefing Paper No 6. New South Wales (NSW), Australia: NSW Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Rowe, M. (2020). Policing the police: Challenges of democracy and accountability. Policy Press, University of Bristol.
  • Roziere, B., & Walby, K. (2018). The expansion and normalization of police militarization in Canada. Critical Criminology, 26(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-017-9378-3
  • Sajor, A. (2015). Ideal police oversight review: The next piece of the community policing puzzle [Unpublished MA thesis]. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterrey, California, USA.
  • Schaap, D. (2020). Police trust-building strategies. A socio-institutional, comparative approach. Policing and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1726345
  • Scheye, E. (2018). The effectiveness of police accountability mechanisms: What works and the way ahead. United States Agency for International Development.
  • Sen, S. (2010). Enforcing police accountability through civilian oversight. Sage Publications.
  • Seyffert, P. (2017, September 13). Can professional civilian oversight improve community-police relations? The Police Chief Online. Retrieved December 12, 2018, from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/can-professional-civilian-oversight-improve-community-police-relations/?ref=4d1adf5ce5c011b2e158e9824e61872e.
  • Shiltson, T. (2015). Democratic policing, community policing and the fallacy of conflation in international police development missions. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 17(4), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461355715618331
  • Sklansky, D. A. (2008). Democracy and the Police. Stanford University Press.
  • Stageman, D. L., Napolitano, N. M., & Buchner, B. (2018). New approaches to data-driven civilian oversight of law enforcement: An introduction to the second NACOLE/CJPR special issue. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 29(2), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403416673415
  • Stelkia, K. (2020). An exploratory study on police oversight in British Columbia: The dynamics of accountability for Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Municipal Police. Sage Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244019899088
  • Stephens, D. W., Scrivner, E., & Cambareri, J. F. (2018). Civilian oversight of the police in major cities. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, US Department of Justice.
  • Stone, C., Bobb, M. (2002). Civilian oversight of the police in democratic societies. Paper prepared for the Global Meeting on Civilian Oversight of Police, Los Angeles, CA, May 5 − 8. Retrieved May 12, 2018, from https://www.vera.org/publications/civilian-oversight-of-the-police-in-democratic-societies.
  • Stone, C. E., & Ward, H. H. (2000). Democratic policing: A framework for action. Policing and Society, 10(1), 11–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2000.9964829
  • Stuurman, Z. (2020). Policing inequality and the inequality of policing: A look at the militarization of policing around the world, focusing on Brazil and South Africa. South African Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2020.1748103
  • Tabassi, T., Dey, A. (2016). Police militarization is global. Retrieved 12 May 2018, from https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2016/police-militarisation-global.
  • Terrill, W., & Ingram, J. R. (2016). Citizen complaints against the police: An eight-city examination. Police Quarterly, 19(2), 150–179. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611115613320
  • Ungar, M. (2011). Policing democracy: Overcoming obstacles to citizen security in Latin America. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • UNODC. (2011). Handbook on police accountability, oversight and integrity. United Nations.
  • van Sluis, A., & Devroe, E. (2019). Checks and balances in democratic control of public police: A case study of the Dutch national police after the reform. Police Practice and Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2019.1699410
  • VICPD (Victoria Police Department, British Columbia, Canada) (n.d.). Professional standards section. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vicpd.ca/contact-us/compliments-complaints/professional-standards-section/.
  • Walker, S. (2001). Police accountability: The role of citizen oversight. Wadsworth/Thomas Learning.
  • Walker, S., & Archbold, C. A. (2014). The new world of police accountability. Sage Publications.
  • Walsh, D. P. J., & Conway, V. (2011). Police governance and accountability: Overview of current issues. Crime, Law and Social Change, 55(2-3), 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9269-6
  • Wells, W., & Schafer, J. A. (2007). Police skepticism of citizen oversight: Officers’ attitudes toward specific functions, processes, and outcomes. Journal of Crime and Justice, 30(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2007.9721233
  • Wentkowska, A. (2018). Let us be judged by our actions: Oversight mechanisms of policing in comparative outline. Polish Review of International and European Law, 5(2), 45–72. https://doi.org/10.21697/priel.2016.5.2.02
  • Wiatrowski, M. D., & Goldstone, J. A. (2010). The ballot and the badge: Democratic policing. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 79–92.
  • Wilson, S. (2014). Civilian review boards. In J. S. Albanese (Ed.), The encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (1st ed.) Wiley Blackwell. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj154.
  • Wilson, S., & Buckler, K. (2010). The debate over police reform: Examining minority support for citizen oversight and resistance by police unions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(4), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-010-9079-x
  • Worden, R. E., Bonner, H. S., & McLean, S. J. (2018). Procedural justice and citizen review of complaints against the police: Structure, outcomes, and complainants’ subjective experiences. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 77–108. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098611117739812

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.