397
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Violence Resembling Terrorism—From the First Responder Viewpoint

, &

References

  • Adini, B., & Peleg, K. (2013). On constant alert: Lesson to be learned from Israel's emergency response to mass-casualty terrorism incidents. Health Affairs, 32(12), 2179–2185. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0956
  • Agnich, L. E. (2015). A comparative analysis of attempted and completed school-based mass murder attacks. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9239-5
  • Arnold, J. L., Halpern, P., Tsai, M.-C., & Smithline, H. (2004). Mass casualty terrorist bombings: A comparison of outcomes by bombing type. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 43(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(03)00723-6
  • Bharosa, N., Lee, J., & Janssen, M. (2010). Challenges and obstacles in sharing and coordinating information during multi-agency disaster response: Propositions from field exercises. Information Systems Frontiers, 12(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-009-9174-z.
  • Blair, J. P., Nichols, T., Burns, D., & Curnutt, J. R. (2013). Active shooter events and response. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Blair, J. P., & Schweit, K. W. (2014). A study of active shooter incidents, 2000–2013. Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Born, C. T., Briggs, S. M., Ciraulo, D. L., Frykberg, E. R., Hammond, J. S., Hirshberg, A., & Lhowe, D. W. (2007). Disasters and mass casualties: I. General principles of response and management. Journal of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 15, 388–396.
  • Burget, F., & Douša, P. (2020). Recommendations for crisis management in mass casualty incidents, with a focus on a terrorist attack. Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca, 87(1), 62–67.
  • Capellan, J. A., Johnson, J., Porter, J. R., & Martin, C. (2019). Disaggregating mass public shootings: A comparative analysis of disgruntled employee, school, ideologically motivated, and rampage shooters. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 64(3), 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13985.
  • Chinn, P. L., & Kramer, M. K. (1999). Theory and nursing: Integrated knowledge development (5th ed.). Mosby.
  • Counterterrorism Bureau of the New York Police Department. (2016, edition). Active shooter recommendations and analysis for risk mitigation. New York City Police Department.
  • Craigie, R. J., Farrelly, P. J., Santos, R., Smith, S. R., Pollard, J. S., & Jones, D. J. (2018). Manchester Arena bombing: Lessons learnt from a mass casualty incident. BMJ Military Health, 166(2), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-000930.
  • Doss, K. T., & Shepherd, C. D. (2015). Active shooter preparing for and responding to a growing threat. Butterworth-Heineman. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-03462-4.
  • Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x.
  • Frazzano, T. L., & Snyder, G. M. (2014). Hybrid targeted violence: Challenging conventional “active shooter” response strategies. Homeland Security Affairs, 10, Article 3. https://www.hsaj.org/articles/253.
  • Gerring, J. (1999). What makes a concept good? A criterial framework for understanding concept formation in the social sciences. Polity, 31(3), 357–393. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235246.
  • Global Terrorism Database. (2020). National consortium for the study of terrorism and responses to terrorism (START). University of Maryland. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd
  • Greenberg, S. (2007). Active shooters on college campuses: Conflicting advice, roles of the individual and first responder, and the need to maintain perspective. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1(1 Suppl), S57–S61. https://doi.org/10.1097/DMP.0b013e318149f492.
  • Gun Violence Archive. (2020). Methodology. Retrieved June 11, 2020 from https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology.
  • Harding, D. J., Fox, C., & Mehta, J. D. (2002). Studying rare events through qualitative case studies: Lessons from a study of rampage school shootings. Sociological Methods & Research, 31(2), 174–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124102031002003.
  • Harris, C., McCarthy, K., Liu, E. L., Klein, K., Swienton, R., Prins, P., & Waltz, T. (2018). Expanding understanding of response roles: An examination of immediate and first responders in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030534.
  • Hesterman, J. (2019). Rethinking bomb threat response. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 13(2), 160–173.
  • Interagency Security Committee (ISC). (2015a). Integrating law enforcement, fire, and emergency medical services during active shooter/hybrid targeted violence incidents. Interagency Security Committee.
  • Interagency Security Committee (ISC). (2015b). Planning and response to an active shooter: An interagency security committee policy and best practices guide. Interagency Security Committee.
  • Investigation Commission of the Jokela School Shooting (IC). (2009). Jokela School shooting on 7 November 2007: Report of the investigation commission (Publication 2009:1). Ministry of Justice, Finland.
  • Investigation Commission of the Kauhajoki School Shooting (IC). (2010). Kauhajoki School shooting on 23 September 2008: Report of the investigation commission. Reports and guidelines 39/2010. Ministry of Justice, Finland.
  • Investigation Commission of the stabbings in Turku (IC). (2018). Onnettomuustutkintakeskus: Puukotukset Turussa 18.8.2017. Tutkintaselostus 7/2018. [Investigation commission's report: Stabbing attack in Turku 18.8.2017]. Onnettomuustutkintakeskus.
  • Investigation Commission of the Vantaa explosion (IC). (2003). Sisäasiainministeriön julkaisu 12/2003: Räjähdys kauppakeskus Myyrmannissa. Sisäasiainministeriön asettaman tutkijaryhmän raportti [Report of the investigation commission: Explosion in Myyrmanni Shopping Center]. Sisäasiainministeriö.
  • Jenkins, B. M. (1985). The likelihood of nuclear terrorism. RAND Corporation.
  • Jenkins, B. M., & Butterworth, B. R. (2019). “Smashing Into Crowds”—An analysis of vehicle ramming attacks. Mineta Transportation Institute Publications.
  • Kenny, J. (2010). Risk assessment and management teams: A comprehensive approach to early intervention in workplace violence. Journal of Applied Security Research, 5(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361611003601033.
  • Klassen, A. B., Marshall, M., Dai, M., Mann, C. N., & Sztajnkrycer, M. D. (2019). Emergency medical services response to mass shooting and active shooter incidents, United States, 2014–2015. Prehospital Emergency Care: Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 23(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1484970.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publishing.
  • Krouse, W. J., & Richardson, D. J. (2015). Mass murder with firearms: Incidents and victims, 1999–2013. Congressional Research Service. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743624/.
  • Langman, P. (2009). Rampage school shooters. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.10.003.
  • Lankford, A. (2010). Do suicide terrorists exhibit clinically suicidal risk factors? A review of initial evidence and call for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(5), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.06.001.
  • Lankford, A. (2013). A comparative analysis of suicide terrorists and rampage, workplace, and school shooters in the United States from 1990 to 2010. Homicide Studies, 17(3), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767912462033.
  • Levy, J. L., McCarthy, M. L., Sauer, L. M., Green, G. B., Stuart, S., Thomas, T. L., & Hsu, E. B. (2008). Mass-casualty triage: Time for an evidence-based approach. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 23(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00005471.
  • Livingston, M. R., Rossheim, M. E., & Hall, K. S. (2019). A descriptive analysis of school and school shooter characteristics and the severity of school shootings in the United States, 1999–2018. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 64(6), 797–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.006.
  • Lomaglio, L., Ansaloni, L., Catena, F., Sartelli, M., & Coccolini, F. (2020). Mass casualty incident: Definitions and current reality. In Y. Kluger, F. Coccolini, F. Catena, L. Ansaloni (Eds.), WSES handbook of mass casualties incidents management. Hot topics in acute care surgery and trauma. Springer.
  • Lounais-Suomen Police department (L-S). (2018). Turun puukotusten esitutkintapöytäkirja 5650/R/62543/17 [Pre-trial investigation record of the stabbing attack]. Lounais-Suomen poliisilaitos.
  • Madfis, E. (2017). In search of meaning: Are school rampage shootings random and senseless violence? The Journal of Psychology, 151(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1196161.
  • Madfis, E. (2020). Preventing school rampage violence through student bystander intervention and positive school environments. In How to stop school rampage killing. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Melmer, P., Carlin, M., Castater, C. A., Koganti, D., Hurst, S. D., Tracy, B. M., Grant, A. A., Williams, K., Smith, R. N., Dente, C. J., & Sciarretta, J. D. (2019). Mass casualty shootings and emergency preparedness: A multidisciplinary approach for an unpredictable event. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 12, 1013–1021. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S219021.
  • Metzl, J. M., & MacLeish, K. T. (2015). Mental illness, mass shootings, and the politics of American firearms. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302242.
  • Miller, V., & Hayward, K. J. (2019). ‘I Did My Bit’: Terrorism, tarde and the vehicle ramming attack as an imitative event. The British Journal of Criminology, 59 (1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy017.
  • Morris, L. W. (2014). Three steps to safety: Developing procedures for active shooters. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 7(3), 238–244.
  • National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Finland. (2003). Keskusrikospoliisi. Myyrmannin pommiräjähdyksen esitutkintapöytäkirja 2400/R/501/02. [Pre-trial investigation record of the bomb explosion in Vantaa 2400/R/501/02]. Keskusrikospoliisi.
  • National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Finland. (2008). Keskusrikospoliisi. Jokelan koulusurmien esitutkintapöytäkirja 2400/R/488/07. [Pre-trial investigation record of the school shooting in Jokela 2400/R/488/07]. Keskusrikospoliisi.
  • National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Finland. (2009). Keskusrikospoliisi. Kauhajoen koulusurmien esitutkintapöytäkirja 2400/R/350/08. [Pre-trial investigating record of the school shooting in Kauhajoki 2400/R/350/08]. Keskusrikospoliisi.
  • National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Finland. (2010). Keskusrikospoliisi. Kauppakeskus Sellon ampumisten esitutkintapöytäkirja 2400/R/456/09. [Pre-trial investigating record of the shopping centre shooting in Espoo 2400/R/456/09].Keskusrikospoliisi.
  • National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Finland. (2012). Keskusrikospoliisi. Hyvinkään keskustassa tapahtuneiden ampumisten esitutkintapöytäkirja 2400/R/272/12. [Pre-trial investigating record of sniper-style shooting in Hyvinkää 2400/R/272/12]. Keskusrikospoliisi.
  • Netemeyer, R., Bearden, W., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures. issues and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Pepper, M., Archer, F., & Moloney, J. (2019). Triage in complex, coordinated terrorist attacks. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(4), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X1900459X.
  • Phillips, B. (2018). Terrorist tactics by criminal organizations: the Mexican case in context. Perspectives on Terrorism, 12(1), 46–63.
  • Phillips, P. J., & Pohl, G. (2012). Economic profiling of the lone wolf terrorist: Can economics provide behavioral investigative advice? Journal of Applied Security Research, 7(2), 151–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2012.656250.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2016). Recommendations for creating better concept definitions in the organizational, behavioral, and social sciences. Organizational Research Methods, 19(2), 159–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115624965.
  • Ren, Y., Kiesler, S., & Fussell, S. R. (2008). Multiple group coordination in complex and dynamic task environments: Interruptions, coping mechanisms, and technology recommendations. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(1), 105–130. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222250105.
  • Rocque, M., & Duwe, G. (2018). Corrigendum to “Rampage shootings: an historical, empirical, and theoretical overview.” Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.06.002.
  • Ryan, C. P. (2018). What is complex coordinated attack? https://www.hstoday.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/What-is-a-CCA_long.pdf
  • Sánchez, C. E., & Sánchez, L. D. (2020). Case study: Emergency department response to the Boston marathon bombing. In D. Callaway & J. Burstein (Eds.), Operational and medical management of explosive and blast incidents. Springer.
  • Schmid, A. P., & Easson, J. J. (2011). 250-plus Academic, governmental and intergovernmental definitions terrorism. In A. P. Schmid (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of terrorism research (pp. 99–157). Routledge.
  • Schuurman, B., Lindekilde, L., Malthaner, S., O'Connor, F., Gill, P., & Bouhana, N. (2019). End of the lone wolf: The typology that should not have been. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 42(8), 771–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554.
  • Schwerin, D. L., & Goldstein, S. (2019). Active shooter response. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519067/.
  • Shapira, S. C., & Cole, L. A. (2008). Medical management of suicide terrorism. In O. Falk & H. Morgenstern (Eds.), Suicide terror. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Silva, J. R., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2019). Fame-seeking mass shooters in America: Severity, characteristics, and media coverage. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 48, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.005
  • Silver, J., Simons, A., & Craun, S. (2018). A study of the pre-attack behaviors of active shooters in the United States between 2000 and 2013 (pp. 20535). Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Smith, R. E., & Delaney, J. B. (2013). Supporting paradigm change in EMS' operational medical response to active shooter events. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 38(12), 48–50.
  • Spaaij, R. (2012). Understanding lone wolf terrorism: Global patterns, motivations and prevention. SpringerBriefs in Criminology.
  • Starbird, K., Maddock, J., Orand, M., Achterman, P., & Mason, R. M. (2014). Rumors, false flags, and digital vigilantes: Misinformation on twitter after the 2013 Boston marathon bombing. In iConference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 654–662). iSchools. https://doi.org/10.9776/14308
  • The Belgian House of Representatives. (2017). Investigation committee terrorist attack 22 March 2016. Summary of the activities and recommandations. House of Representatives Prepress and Printshop.
  • Turner, C. D. A., Lockey, D. J., & Rehn, M. (2016). Pre-hospital management of mass casualty civilian shootings: A systematic literature review. Critical Care, 20(1), 362. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1543-7.
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2017). Active shooter how to respond. Department of Homeland Security.
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2018). Planning considerations: Complex coordinated terrorist attacks. Department of Homeland Security.
  • U.S. Fire Administration. (2013). Fire/emergency medical services department operational considerations and guide for active shooter and mass casualty incidents. USFA.
  • Waugh, W. L., & Streib, G. (2006). Collaboration and leadership for effective emergency management. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00673.x.
  • World Health Organization. (2007). Mass casualty management systems: Strategies and guidelines for building health sector capacity. WHO Document Production Services.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.