175
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Young Adults’ Perceptions of Store Environment: Evaluation of the Perceived Effectiveness of CPTED-Based Techniques in Preventing Shoplifting

ORCID Icon

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Cote, N. G. (2008). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 289–311). Psychology Press.
  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(Pt 4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
  • Bachman, R., Paternoster, R., & Ward, S. (1992). The rationality of sexual offending: Testing a deterrence/rational choice conception of sexual assault. Law & Society Review, 26(2), 343–372. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053901
  • Bamfield, J. (2004). Shrinkage, shoplifting and the cost of retail crime in Europe: a cross‐sectional analysis of major retailers in 16 European countries. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 32(5), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550410699233
  • Bamfield, J. (2006). ‘Sed quis custodiet? ’Employee theft in UK retailing. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(11), 845–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550610710246
  • Bamfield, J. A. (2012). Shopping and crime. Crime prevention and security management book series. Palgrave Macmillan, Great Britain.
  • Bamfield, J. A. N., & Hollinger, R. C. (2001). Managing losses in the retail store: a comparison of loss prevention activity in the United States and Great Britain. In Mars, G. (Ed.), Occupational crime. Ashgate Press.
  • Beck, A., & Willis, A. (1999). Context-specific measures of CCTV effectiveness in the retail Creating a safe sector. In Tilley, N., & K, P. (Eds), Surveillance of public space: CCTV, street lighting and crime prevention, crime prevention studies, (Vol. 10, pp. 251–269). Criminal Justice Press.
  • Beck, E. A., & McIntyre, S. C. (1977). MMP I patterns of shoplifters within a college population. Psychological Reports, 41(3, Pt 2), 1035–1040. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1977.41.3f.1035
  • Blanco, C., Grant, J., Petry, N. M., Simpson, H. B., Alegria, A., Liu, S.-M., & Hasin, D. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of shoplifting in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(7), 905–913. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101660
  • Bouffard, J. A., & Exum, M. L. (2013). Rational choice beyonf the classroom: Decision making in offenders versus college students. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(6), 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.08.002
  • Bouffard, J., Bry, J., Smith, S., & Bry, R. (2008). Beyond the science of sophomores: does the rational choice explanation of crime generalise from university students to an actual offender sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(6), 698–721. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07309721
  • Brady, J. F., & Mitchell, J. G. (1971). Shoplifting in Melbourne. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 4(3), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/000486587100400304
  • Brown, B. B., & Bentley, D. L. (1993). Residential burglars judge risk: the role of territoriality. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80214-2
  • Butler, G. (1994). Shoplifters’ views on security: Lessons for crime prevention. In M. Gill (Ed.), Crime at work: Studies in security and crime prevention. (pp. 56–71). Perpetuity Press.
  • Cameron, M. (1964). The booster and the snitch. Free Press.
  • Cardone, C., & Hayes, R. (2012). Shoplifter Perceptions of Store Environments: An Analysis of how Physical Cues in the Retail Interior Shape Shoplifter Behavior. Journal of Applied Security Research, 7(1), 22–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2012.631178
  • Clifton, W. (1987). Convenience Store Robberies in Gainesville, Florida: An Intervention Strategy by the Gainesville Police Department, Gainesville Police Department. Photocopy,
  • Cromwell, P., Parker, L., & Mobley, S. (2010). The five-finger discount. In P. Cromwell (Ed.), In their own words: Criminals on crime. 5th ed. (pp. 57–70). Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Cromwell, P., & Thurman, Q. (2003). The devil made me do it: Use of neutralizations by shoplifters. Deviant Behavior, 24(6), 535–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/713840271
  • Crowe, T. (2000). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Cozens, P. M., Hillier, D., & Prescott, G. (2001). Crime and the design of residential property. Exploring the perceptions of planning professionals, burglars and other users. Property Management, 19(4), 222–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005784
  • Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595440
  • Cozens, P. M., Neale, R., Whitaker, J., & Hillier, D. (2003). Investigating personal safety at railway stations using ‘virtual reality’ technology. Facilities, 21Nos (7/8), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632770310489936
  • Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483
  • Cox, A. D., Cox, D., Anderson, R. D., & Moschis, G. P. (1993). Social influences on adolescent shoplifting theory, evidence, and implications for the retail industry. Journal of Retailing, 69(2), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4359(93)90005-4
  • De Boeck, A., Pleysier, S., & Put, J. (2018). The social origins of gender differences in anticipated feelings of guilt and shame following delinquency. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 18(3), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817721273
  • Dincer, B., & Dincer, C. (2011). Tüketicilerin Alışveriş Merkezi Ziyareti ve Davranışı: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 22(1), 105–121.
  • Eck, J. (1997). Preventing crime at places: why places are important. inSherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., Mackenzie, D.C., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S.D. (Eds), Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising, National Institute of Justice Research in Brief, US Department of Justice.
  • Ekblom, P. (2011). Deconstructing CPTED […] and reconstructing it for practice, knowledge management and research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-010-9132-9
  • Ertugral, S. M. (2018). Alışveriş Merkezleri ve Genç Nüfus Alışveriş Merkezleri Algıları Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Management Inquiries, 2(3), 106–125.
  • Farrington, D. P., Bowen, S., Buckle, A., Burns, H. T., Burrows, J., & Speed, M. (1993). An experiment on the prevention of shoplifting., in Clarke, R.V. (Ed.), Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 1, Criminal Justice Press.
  • Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, C. (2002). Effects of improved street lighting on crime: A systematic review. Home Office Research Study 251, Development and Statistics Directorate., Crown Copyright.
  • Felson, M., & Boba, R. L. (2010). Crime and Everyday Life, Sage Publications.
  • Figlio, R. (1991). Convenience store security: Report and recommendations. National Assoc of Convenience Stores (NACS).
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior the reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.
  • Gibson, V. (2016). [Third Generation CPTED? Rethinking the Basis for Crime Prevention Strategies]. [Ph.D. dissertation]. University of Northumbria.
  • Gill, M., Bilby, C., & Turbin, V. (1999). Retail security: Understanding what deters thieves. Journal of Security Administration, 22(1), 29–40.
  • Gooren, J. (2023). The Logic of CPTED for public space or the social potential of physical security. Crime, Law and Social Change, 79(4), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-022-10058-7
  • Grasmick, H. G., & Bursik, R. J. (1990). Conscience, significant others and rational choice: Extending the deterrence model. Law & Society Review, 24(3), 837–861. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053861
  • Greene, W. H. (2008). Econometric analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hayes, R. (1997b). Shop theft: An analysis of apprehended shoplifters. Security Journal, 12(2), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340016
  • Hayes, R. (1999). Shop theft: An analysis of shoplifter perceptions and situational factors. Security Journal, 12(2), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340016
  • Hayes, R., & Blackwood, R. (2006). Evaluating the effects of EAS on product sales and loss: Results of a large-scale field experiment. Security Journal, 19(4), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350025
  • Hayes, R., & Downs, D. M. (2011). Controlling retail theft with CCTV domes, CCTV public view monitors, and protective containers: a randomized controlled trial. Security Journal, 24(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.12
  • Hillier, B., & Shu, S. (2000). Do burglars understand defensible space?, Space Syntax web site available at: www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/spacesyntax/housing/BillCrimePaper/BillCrimePaper.html
  • Hirtenlehner, H., & Hardie, B. (2016). On the conditional relevance of controls: An application of Situational Action Theory to shoplifting. Deviant Behavior, 37(3), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2015.1026764
  • Jeffery, C. R. (1971). Crime prevention through environmental design. Sage Publications.
  • Jeffery, C. R. (1999). CPTED: past, present and future [Paper presentation]. 4th Annual International CPTED Association Conference, Mississauga, Ontario. 20–22.
  • Johnson, S. D., & Bowers, K. J. (2010). Permeability and burglary risk: Are cul-de-sacs safer? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9084-8
  • Kajalo, S., & Lindblom, A. (2011a). An empirical analysis of retail entrepreneurs’ approaches to prevent shoplifting. Security Journal, 24(4), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2010.3
  • Kajalo, S., & Lindblom, A. (2011b). Effectiveness of formal and informal surveillance in reducing crime at grocery stores. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(1), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001111106488
  • Kajalo, S., & Lindblom, A. (2010). Surveillance investments in store: environment and sense of security. Facilities, 28(9/10), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771011057198
  • Kajalo, S., & Lindblom, A. (2016). The role of formal and informal surveillance in creating a safe and entertaining retail environment. Facilities, 34(3/4), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-06-2014-0055
  • Klemke, L. W. (1982). Exploring juvenile shoplifitng. Sociology & Social Research, 67(1), 59–75.
  • Knights, B., & Pascoe, T. (2000). Burglaries reduced by cost effective target hardening, DETR Contract Number cc1675, Building Research Establishment, Garston.
  • Krasnovsky, T., & Lane, R. C. (1998). Shoplifting. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00022-0
  • Kyttä, M., Kuoppa, J., Hirvonen, J., Ahmadi, E., & Tzoulas, T. (2014). Perceived safety of the retrofit neighborhood: a location-based approach. URBAN DESIGN International, 19(4), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2013.31
  • Laycock, G. (1992). Property Marking: a Deterrent To Domestic Burglary?, Crime Prevention Unit Paper Number 3, Home Office.
  • Lavy, S., & Dixit, M. K. (2010). Literature review on design terror mitigation for facility managers in public access buildings. Facilities, 28(11/12), 542–563. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771011066594
  • Lindblom, A., & Kajalo, S. (2011). The use and effectiveness of formal and informal surveillance in reducing shoplifting: a survey in Sweden, Norway and Finland. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 21(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2011.562677
  • Lo, L. (1994). Exploring teenage shoplifting behavior: A choice-and-constraint approach. Environment and Behavior, 26(5), 613–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916594265002
  • McGoey, C. E. (2005). Shoplifiting Facts. https://crimedoctor.com/shoplifting-facts.htm
  • Mihinjac, M., & Saville, G. (2019). Third-Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Social Sciences, 8(6), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060182
  • Mitchell, V. W., Balabanis, G., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Cornwell, T. B. (2009). Measuring unethical consumer behavior across four countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(2), 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9971-1
  • Moffatt, R. E. (1983). Crime prevention through environmental design – a management perspective. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 25(4), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.25.1.19
  • Newman, O. (1973). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design, Collier Books.
  • Newman, O. (1975). Reactions to the ‘defensible space’ study and some further readings. International Journal of Mental Health, 4(3), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1975.11448692
  • Ozascilar, M. (2022). The use of CPTED-based techniques to prevent shoplifting in a survey in Istanbul. Security Journal, 35, 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-021-00283-5
  • Özaşçilar, M., & Ozturk, H. (2021). Shoplifting in shopping malls in an emerging market: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Security Research, 18(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2021.1933323
  • Painter, K. A., & Farrington, D. P. (1997). The crime reducing effect of improved street lighting: the Dudley Project. In Clarke, R.V. (Ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, 2nd ed., Harrow and Heston. 209–226.
  • Painter, K., & Tilley, N. (1999). Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice Press.
  • Pascoe, T. (1993). Domestic Burglaries: The Police View, Information Paper IP20/93., Building Research Establishment.
  • Perkins, D., & Taylor, R. (1996). Ecological assessments of community disorder: their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 63–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511883
  • Pettersson, G. (1997). Crime and mixed-use development, in Coupland, A. (Ed.), Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development., Spon. pp. 179–202.
  • Poyner, B. (1992). Video cameras and bus vandalism., in Clarke, R.V. (Ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies., 1st ed., Harrow and Heston.
  • Poyner, B., & Webb, B. (1991). Crime Free Housing. Butterworths-Architecture.
  • Reynald, D. M., & Elffers, H. (2009). The Future of Newman’s Defensible Space Theory. Linking Defensible Space and the Routine Activities of Place. European Journal of Criminology, 6(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370808098103
  • Reynolds, K. L., & Harris, L. C. (2009). Dysfunctional customer behavior severity: An empirical examination. Journal of Retailing, 85(3), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.05.005
  • Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802. https://doi.org/10.1086/229068
  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy. Science (New York, N.Y.), 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918
  • Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention—Behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772143000003
  • Tilley, N., & Webb, J. (1994). Burglary Reduction: Findings From Safer Cities Schemes, Crime Prevention Unit Paper 51, Home Office.
  • Thorpe, A., & Gamman, L. (2013). Walking with Park: Exploring the ‘Reframing’ and Integration of CPTED Principles in Neighbourhood Regeneration in Seoul, South Korea. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 15(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2013.6
  • Tonglet, M. (2002). Consumer misbehaviour: an exploratory study of shoplifting. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(4), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.79
  • TUIK - Turkish Statistical Institute. (2016). Eğitim İstatistikleri. http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul?kod=2
  • Yaniv, G. (2009). Shoplifting, monitoring and price determination. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(4), 608–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.03.005
  • Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249
  • Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Surveillance for crime prevention in public space: results and policy choices in Britain and America. Criminology & Public Policy, 3(3), 497–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00058.x
  • Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). The police and neighborhood safety ‘Broken windows. The Atlantic Monthly, 3(2), 29–38.
  • Wilson, D., & Sutton, A. (2003). Open-Street CCVT in Australia. Australian Institute of Criminology Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 271, Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Wright, T. L., & Kirmani, A. (1977). Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness and shoplifting in high school. Psychological Reports, 41(3 pt. 2), 1165–1166. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1977.41.3f.1165
  • Yö, K. (2015). Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi, Ö ğrenci Istatistikleri. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  • Zahm, D. (2005). Learning, translating, and implementing CPTED. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 22(4), 284–294.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.