23
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Human Rights Policies, Guidelines, and Standards in The Private Security Industry: A Scoping Review

, , &

References

  • Abbott, K. W., & Snidal, D. (2000). Hard and soft law in international governance. International Organization, 54(3), 421–456. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551280
  • Andreopoulos, G., & Brandle, S. (2012). Revisiting the role of private military and security companies. Criminal Justice Ethics, 31(3), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2012.743339
  • Aoul, S. K., Revil, É., Sarrasin, B., Campbell, B., & Tougas, D. (2000). Towards a spiral of violence? “The Dangers of Privatising Risk Management of Investments in Africa” mining activities and the use of private security companies. Development and Peace, and Mining Watch Canada, Montreal, PQ. https://www.cedim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/spiral_en.pdf
  • Archard, D. (2004). Welfare rights as human rights and the duties of organisations. In T. Campbell (Ed.), /Human rights and the moral responsibilities of corporate and public sector organisations (pp. 45–59). Springer Netherlands.
  • Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
  • Arnpriester, N. (2016). Combating impunity: The private military industry, human rights, and the legal gap. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 38, 1189–1240.
  • Avant, D. (2004). The privatization of security and change in the control of force. International Studies Perspectives, 5(2), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3577.2004.00165.x
  • Avant, D., & Neu, K. K. (2019). The private security events database. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(8), 1986–2006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002718824394
  • Bachmann, S. D., & Pereira, V. (2014). Corporate human rights responsibility and multinationality in emerging markets–A legal perspective for corporate governance and responsibility. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 9(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2014.062770
  • Bauman, R. (2012). Human rights in ancient Rome. Routledge.
  • Baumann-Pauly, D., & Nolan, J. (2016). Business and human rights: From principles to practice. Routledge.
  • Bayley, D. (2015). Human rights in policing: a global assessment. Policing and Society, 25(5), 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2014.895352
  • Bonner, M. D. (2020). What democratic policing is… and is not. Policing and Society, 30(9), 1044–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2019.1649405
  • Born, H., Caparini, M., Cole, E., & Scherrer, V. (2007). Regulating private security in Europe: Status and prospects. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).
  • Brummer, C. (2010). Why soft law dominates international finance—and not trade. Journal of International Economic Law, 13(3), 623–643. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgq026
  • Brunnee, J., & Toope, S. J. (2012). Constructivist approach to international law. In J. L. Dunoff & M. A. Pollack (Eds.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on international law and international relations. The State of the Art (pp 119–145). Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzatu, A. M. (2020). Global cybersecurity and the private sector. In Routledge handbook of international cybersecurity (pp. 312–325). Routledge.
  • Carver, R., & Handley, L. (2020). Evaluating national preventive mechanisms: a conceptual model. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 12(2), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa030
  • Chappell, A. T. (2017). Consent decrees and police reform: A piece of the puzzle or a puzzling policy. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(2), 571–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12302
  • Chesterman, S., & Fisher, A. (Eds.) (2009). Private security, public order: The outsourcing of public services and its limits (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press.
  • Chesterman, S., & Lehnardt, C. (Eds.), (2007). From mercenaries to market: The rise and regulation of private military companies. Oxford University Press.
  • Chirwa, D. M. (2004). The doctrine of state responsibility as a potential means of holding private actors accountable for human rights. Melbourne. Journal of International Law, 5, 1–36.
  • Choudhury, B. (2018). Balancing soft and hard law for business and human rights. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 67(4), 961–986. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589318000155
  • Cockayne, J. (2008). Regulating private military and security companies: The content, negotiation, weaknesses and promise of the Montreux Document. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 13(3), 401–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krp006
  • Collins, P. (2020). Private military security companies: addressing accountability–a suggested model for control. In. C. Fournat, H. Cullen, & S. Richmond (Eds.), The politics of international criminal law (pp. 279–313). Brill Nijhoff.
  • Daza, F. (2017). Delimitation and presence of PMSCs: Impact on human rights. InC. Lopez (Ed.), Private military and security companies and human rights (pp. 31–57). Springer International Publishing.
  • DCAF. (2015). Regulating private military and security companies. The Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct.
  • DCAF. (2020). Regulating the use of force by private security providers - a guidance tool for states. https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/DCAF_Toolkit_Use%20of%20Force.pdf
  • DCAF. (2021). Tool 7: Non-state justice and security providers and security sector reform; Do No Harm Outline; Behavioral Changes; Stakeholder Analysis. https://www.dcaf.ch/tool-7-non-state-justice-and-security-providers-and-security-sector-reform
  • DCAF. (2022). Addressing security and human rights challenges in complex environments: A practical toolkit. https://www.securityhumanrightshub.org/toolkit/pdf/ashrc-toolkit_en.pdf
  • DCAF. (2023). Hybrid security: Challenges and opportunities for security sector reform. https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/DCAF_Hybrid-Security-Study_EN.pdf
  • Deitelhoff, N., & Wolf, K. D. (2011). Business in zones of conflict: an emergent corporate security responsibility?. InN. Deitelhoff, & K. D. Wolf (Eds.). The business of human rights: An evolving agenda for corporate responsibility (pp. 202–226). Palgrave-Macmillan.
  • Deva, S. (2012). Regulating corporate human rights violations: Humanizing business. Routledge.
  • Diggs, E., Regan, M., & Parance, B. (2019). Business and human rights as galaxy of norms. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 50(2), 309–362.
  • Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press.
  • Etkin, B. (2021). The cynic’s guide to compliance: A constructivist theory of the contestation threshold in human rights. Revue Québécoise de Droit International, 183–203. https://doi.org/10.7202/1079428ar
  • Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (2001). Taking stock: the constructivist research program in international relations and comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 4(1), 391–416. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.391
  • Franck, T. M. (1998). Fairness in international law and institutions. Oxford University Press.
  • Freeman, B., & Uriz, G. H. (2017). Managing risk and building trust: the challenge of implementing the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. In Sullivan (Ed.), Business and human rights (pp. 243–259). Routledge.
  • Frost, M. (2008). Global ethics: Anarchy, Freedom and international relations. Routledge.
  • Garmany, J., & Galdeano, A. P. (2018). Crime, insecurity and corruption: Considering the growth of urban private security. Urban Studies, 55(5), 1111–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017732691
  • Germeaux, A. (2022). The role of law in international relations. In The international legal order in global governance: Norms, power and policy (pp. 103–227). Springer International Publishing.
  • Gheciu, A. (2018). Security entrepreneurs: Performing protection in post-cold war Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Global Reporting Initiative. (2016). GRI 410: Security Practices From gri-410-security-practices-2016.pdf (globalreporting.org).
  • Goodhart, M. E. (Ed.). (2016). Human rights: Politics and practice. Oxford University Press.
  • Grimheden, J. (2018). Civil litigation in response to corporate human rights abuse: the European Union and its Member States. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 50(1), 235–248.
  • Gutierrez, C. I., Marchant, G., & Tournas, L. (2020). Lessons for artificial intelligence from historical uses of soft law governance. Jurimetrics, 61(1), 133–149.
  • Hudson, K. A. (2009). Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing Just War = Theory in the 21st century. Routledge.
  • Iancu, A. (2020). The bridging capacity of realist constructivism: The normative evolution of human security and the responsibility to protect. In S. J. Barkin (Ed.), The social construction of state power (pp. 171–192). Bristol University Press.
  • Imai, S., Gardner, L., & Weinberger, S. (2017). The ‘Canada Brand’: Violence and Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America. Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper No. 17/2017. From https://ssrn.com/abstract=2886584 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2886584
  • International Code of Conduct. (2021). The international code of conduct for private security service providers. https://icoca.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/INTERNATIONAL-CODE-OF-CONDUCT_Amended_2021.pdf
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (2013). The montreux document on pertinent international legal obligations and good practices for states related to operations of private military and security companies during armed conflicts. https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/foreign-policy/international-law/international-humanitarian-law/private-military-security-companies/montreux-document.html
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (2017). A contract guidance tool for private military and security services. https://www.montreuxdocument.org/pdf/contract-guidance-tool.pdf
  • Isenberg, D. (2008). Shadow force: Private security contractors in Iraq. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Ishay, M. (2004). What are human rights? Six historical controversies. Journal of Human Rights, 3(3), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475483042000224897
  • Jha, V. (2021). ‘Soft Law in a Hard Shell’: India, International Rulemaking and the International Solar Alliance. Transnational Environmental Law, 10(3), 517–541. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102520000400
  • Jonathan, D. (2006). Constructivist theories. In J. C. Thomas & D. S. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology, personality and everyday functioning (pp. 212–232). Wiley.
  • Kamruzzaman, M., & Das, S. K. (2016). The evaluation of human rights: An overview in historical perspective. American Journal of Service Science and Management, 3(2), 5–12.
  • Kees, A. (2011). Regulation of private military companies. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 3, 199–216.
  • Kim, H. J. (2020). The prospects of human rights in US–China relations: a constructivist understanding. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 20(1), 91–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcy020
  • Kontos, A. P. (2004). Private security guards: privatized force and state responsibility under international human rights law. Non-State Actors and International Law, 4(3), 199–238. https://doi.org/10.1163/1571807042794636
  • Lagoutte, S., Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., & Cerone, J. (2016). Tracing the Roles of soft law in human rights. Oxford University Press.
  • Laurence, M., & Rhoads, E. P. (2020). Constructivism. In K. Oksamytna & J. Karlsruld (Eds.), United Nations peace operations and international relations theory (pp. 111–128). Manchester University Press.
  • Lepard, B. D. (2012). International law and human rights. In T. Cushman (Ed.), Handbook of human rights (pp. 583–597). Routledge.
  • Liss, C. (2014). The privatisation of maritime security in Southeast Asia: the impact on regional security cooperation. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(2), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2013.831810
  • Lovell, D. (2007). Promoting democracy: the challenge of creating a civil society. Comparative Sociology, 6(3), 324–343. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913307X216295
  • Macleod, S., & Dewinter-Schmitt, R. (2019). Certifying private security companies: Effectively ensuring the corporate responsibility to respect human rights? Business and Human Rights Journal, 4(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2018.25
  • Markusen, M. (2022). The Sealth Industry: The Quiet Expansion of Chinese Private Security Companies. Center for Strategic & International Studies. From https://www.csis.org/analysis/stealth-industry-quiet-expansion-chinese-private-security-companies
  • Martin-Ortega, O. (2014). Human rights due diligence for corporations: from voluntary standards to hard law at last? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 32(1), 44–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411403200104
  • McCourt, D. M. (2022). The new constructivism in international relations theory. Policy Press.
  • McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2012.031
  • Miake-Lye, I. M., Hempel, S., Shanman, R., & Shekelle, P. G. (2016). What is an evidence map? A systematic review of published evidence maps and their definitions, methods, and products. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0204-x
  • Moyn, S. (2014). The universal declaration of human rights of 1948 in the history of cosmopolitanism. Critical Inquiry, 40(4), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1086/676412
  • Muchlinski, P. (2021). The impact of the UN guiding principles on business attitudes to observing human rights. Business and Human Rights Journal, 6(2), 212–226. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2021.14
  • Munn, Z., Peters, M. D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
  • Mutuma, W. K. (2016). The problem of civilian contractors that directly participate in hostilities. African Yearbook on International Humanitarian Law, 2016(1), 8–45.
  • Narváez González, C., & Valencia, K. (2019). Improving human rights in the private security industry: Envisioning the role of ICoCA in Latin America. Business and Human Rights Journal, 4(1), 79–107. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2018.24
  • Nolle, E. (2021). Bridging the legal/ethical gap. Security Management. https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/articles/2021/09/bridging-the-legal-ethical-gap/
  • O’Leary, B. C., Woodcock, P., Kaiser, M. J., & Pullin, A. S. (2017). Evidence maps and evidence gaps: evidence review mapping as a method for collating and appraising evidence reviews to inform research and policy. Environmental Evidence, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0096-9
  • OHCHR (2011). Guiding principles on business and human rights. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf
  • Perret, A. (2013). Privatization without regulation: The human rights risks of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in Mexico. Mexican Law Review, 6(1), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1870-0578(16)30022-1
  • Perrin, B. (2006). Promoting compliance of private security and military companies with international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(863), 613–636. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383106000713
  • Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050
  • Petty, K. A. (2010). Beyond the court of public opinion: military commissions and the reputational pull of compliance theory. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 42, 303–356.
  • Petty, K. A. (2018). Duty and disobedience: The conflict of conscience and compliance in the Trump Era. Pepperdine Law Review, 45, 55–148.
  • Pham, M. T., Rajić, A., Greig, J. D., Sargeant, J. M., Papadopoulos, A., & McEwen, S. A. (2014). A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Research Synthesis Methods, 5(4), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1123
  • Pimenta, C. L. R., Rónay, Z., & Németh, A. (2021). Centralisation and Decentralisation in Higher Education: A Comparative Study of Hungary and Germany. Pedagogika-Pedagogy, 93(8), 1119–1135.
  • Pitts, C. (2011). Voluntary principles on security and human rights. In T. Hale & D. Held (Eds.), Handbook of transnational governance (pp 357–363). Polity Press.
  • Pitts, C. (2016). The United Nations ‘protect, respect, remedy framework and guiding principles. In Baumann-Pauly, D. & Nolan, J. (Eds.), Business and human rights (pp. 51–63). Routledge.
  • Prem, B. (2019). Private military and security companies as legitimate governors: From Barricades to boardrooms. Taylor & Francis.
  • Raustiala, K., & Slaughter, A. M. (2002). International law, international relations and compliance. InW. Carlnaes, T. Risse & B. Summons (Eds.), International relations and compliance (pp 538–558). SAGE.
  • Reinisch, A., & Gianviti, F. (2005). Non-state actors and human rights In P. Alston (Ed.), Non-State actors and human rights (pp 37–89). Oxford University Press.
  • Rhodes, L. (2020). Human rights, those who are governed and the legitimacy of law enforcement. Comparative Civilizations Review, 82(82), 5–9.
  • Rigakos, G. S. (2016). The new parapolice. University of Toronto Press.
  • Ruggie, J. (2008). Protect, respect and remedy: A framework for business and human rights. Innovations: Technology| Governance| Globalization, 3(2), 189–212.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (2007). Business and human rights: the evolving international agenda. American Journal of International Law, 101(4), 819–840. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002930000037738
  • Saarikkomäki, E., & Lampela, P. (2022). Improving private security–youth relations in quasi-public spaces: control, care, cooperation. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 46(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1899000
  • Sabia, R. (2021). The Accountability of Multinational Companies for Human Rights Violations, Regulatory Trends and New Punitive Approaches Across Europe. European Criminal Law Review, 11(1), 36–62. https://doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2021-1-36
  • Sarelin, A. (2014). Giving meaning to human rights: An analysis of human rights discourse in Malawi. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 6(2), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huu001
  • Scharf, M. P. (2009). International law in crisis: a qualitative empirical contribution to the compliance debate. Cardozo Law Review, 31(1), 45–98.
  • Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Sage.
  • Sklansky, D. A. (1998). The private police. UCLA Law Review, 46(4), 1165–1287.
  • Sklansky, D. A. (2011). Private policing and human rights. Law & Ethics of Human Rights, 5(1), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1054
  • South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC). (2006c). The Sarajevo Code of Conduct for Private Security Companies Belgrade” UNDP-SEESAC, Belgrade). http://www.seesac.org/index.php?content=&page=sr&section=3
  • Stenning, P. C., & Shearing, C. D. (1979). The quiet revolution: The nature, development and general legal implications of private security in Canada. Criminal Law Quarterly, 22, 220–248.
  • Sullivan, R. (2005). Corporate social responsibility failures in the oil industry. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 5(5), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700510630086
  • Sullivan, R. (2006). NGO influence on the human rights performance of companies. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 24(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934410602400303
  • Trubek, L. G. (2006). New governance and soft law in health care reform. Indiana Health Law Review, 3(1), 139–169. https://doi.org/10.18060/16468
  • United Nations. (2016). UNSMS security management operation manual. https://resourcecenter.undac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Guidance.Security-Management-Operations-Manual-SMOM-E-Book.pdf
  • United Nations. (2017). United Nations Security Management System (UNSMS) security policy manual. undss-security_policy_manual_e-book.pdf
  • United Nations. (2020). Office of drugs and crime handbook on the use of force by private security companies: Annex B to maritime crime. Global Maritime Crime Programme. For maritime private security providers. https://www.unodc.org/documents/Maritime_crime/19-02086_Private_Security_Company_Handbook_Maritime
  • United Nations. (2022). Revised second draft instrument on an international regulatory framework on the regulation, monitoring of and oversight over the activities of private military and security companies. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/wgmilitary/2022-11-03/PMSCs-Second-Draft%20-Instrument-Clean.pdf
  • Verdier, P. H., & Stephan, P. B. (2021). International human rights and multinational corporations: An FCPA approach. Boston University Law Review, 101, 1359–1419.
  • Wakefield, A. (2002). The public surveillance functions of private security. Surveillance & Society, 2(4), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v2i4.3362
  • Wettstein, F. (2010). The duty to protect: Corporate complicity, political responsibility, and human rights advocacy. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0447-8
  • White, N. D. (2016). Regulation of the private military and security sector: is the UK fulfilling its human rights duties? Human Rights Law Review, 16(3), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngw019
  • White, N. D., Footer, M. E., Senior, K., van Dorp, M., Kiezebrink, V., Puraka, Y., & Anzas, A. F. (2018). Blurring public and private security in Indonesia: corporate interests and human rights in a fragile environment. Netherlands International Law Review, 65(2), 217–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-018-0107-8
  • World Bank. (2022). Civil Society Policy Forum (CSPF). https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2017/04/21/civil-society-policy-forum
  • Zapatero, G. V. (2019). The art of legislating. Springer.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.