Property Crime at O’Hare International Airport: An Examination of the Routine Activities Approach

REFERENCES

• Airport Security Improvement Act of 2000 . Public Law 106–528, 114 Stat. 2517–2523
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. 2005 . Why do criminals offend? , Los Angeles, CA : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Aviation and Transportation Security Act . November 19, 2001 . “ (Public law 107–71, 107th Congress) ” .
   Google Scholar
• Aviation security: Additional actions needed to meet domestic and international challenges . January, 1994 . Washington, D.C. : United States General Accounting Office .
   Google Scholar
• Aviation security: Better planning needed to optimize deployment of checked baggage screening systems . July 13, 2005 . Washington, D.C. : United States Government Accountability Office .
   Google Scholar
• Babbie , E. 1998 . The practice of social research (8th ed) , New York : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , E. E. July 2002 . Aviation policy: Past and present . Southern Economic Journal , 69 ( 1 ) : 12 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernard , T. J. and Snipes , J. B. 1996 . Theoretical integration in criminology . Crime and Justice , 20 : 301 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkbeck , C. and LaFree , G. 1993 . The situational analysis of crime and deviance . Annual Review of Sociology , 19 : 113 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga , A. A. and Clarke , R. V. 1994 . Improved radios and more stripped cars in Germany: A routine activities analysis . Security Journal , 5 ( 3 ) : 91 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Brantingham , P. L. and Brantingham , P. J. 1990 . Situational crime prevention in practice . Canadian Journal of Criminology , 32 ( 1 ) : 17 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Buerger , M. E. and Mazerolle , L. G. 1998 . Third-party policing: A theoretical analysis of an emerging trend . Justice Quarterly , 15 ( 2 ) : 301 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , R. P. 2002 . America Acts: Swift legislative responses to the September 11 attacks . Defense Counsel Journal , : 139 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken , J. M. , Lawless , M. W. and Stevenson , K. A. 1974 . The impact of police activity on subway crime . Urban Analysis , 3 : 173 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Chicago Airport System: 2005 Annual report . Retrieved February 22, 2007 from www.O'Hare.com
   Google Scholar
• City of Chicago: 911 day . Retrieved February 20, 2007 from www.O'Hare.com
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , R. V. 1995 . “ Situational crime prevention ” . In Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and justice: A review of the research , Edited by: Tonry , M. and Farrington , D. P. Vol. 19 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , R. V. 1997 . Situational crime prevention: Successful case studies (2nd ed.) , Albany, NY : Harrow & Heston .
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger , D. O. 1994 . Enforcement risk and deterrence: A re-examination . Journal of Socio-Economics , 23 ( 3 ) : 273 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Cochran , J. K. , Chamlin , M. B. and Seth , M. 1994 . Deterrence or brutalization? . Criminology , 32 ( 1 ) : 107 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , L. E. and Felson , M. 1979 . Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach . American Sociological Review , 44 ( 4 ) : 588 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , P. J. 1980 . Research in deterrence: Laying the groundwork for the second decade . Crime and Justice , 2 : 211 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Cornish , D. B. and Clarke , R. V. 1987 . Understanding crime displacement: An application of rational choice theory . Criminology , 25 ( 4 ) : 933 – 947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupe , T. and Blake , L. 2006 . Daylight and darkness targeting strategies and the risks of being seen at residential burglaries . Criminology , 44 ( 2 ) : 431 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , A. 2003 . Contractual governance of deviant behavior . Journal of law and Society , 30 ( 4 ) : 479 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culp , R. F. and Bracco , E. 2005 . Examining prison escapes and the routine activities theory . Corrections Compendium , 30 ( 3 ) : 1 – 5 . 25–27
   Google Scholar
• Decker , S. H. , Varano , S. P. and Greene , J. R. 2007 . Routine crime in exceptional times: The impact of the 2002 Winter Olympics on citizen demand for police services . Journal of Criminal Justice , 35 ( 1 ) : 89 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiTella , R. and Schargrodsky , E. 2004 . Do police reduce crime? Estimates using the allocation of police forces after a terrorist attack . The American Economic Review , 94 ( 1 ) : 115 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Dugan , L. , LaFree , G. and Piquero , A. 2005 . Testing a rational choice model of airline hijackings . Criminology , 43 ( 4 ) : 1031 – 1066 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felson , M. 1987 . Routine activities and crime in the developing metropolis . Criminology , 25 ( 4 ) : 911 – 931 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felson , M. 1998 . Crime in everyday life (2nd ed) , Thousand Oaks, CA : Pine Forge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frederickson , H. G. and LaPorte , T. R. September, 2002 . Airport security, high reliability, and the problem of rationality . Public Administration Review , 62 : 33 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabor , T. 1990 . Crime displacement and situation prevention: Toward the development of some principles . Canadian Journal of Criminology , 32 : 41 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Giebler , W. 1992 . Reclaiming the skies from terrorism: The Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 . Seton Hall Legislative Journal , 16 : 757 – 804 .
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , M. R. 1981 . On the etiology of criminal victimization . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 72 ( 2 ) : 714 – 726 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog , S. 2002 . Empirical analysis of motor vehicle theft in Israel, 1990–97 . British Journal of Criminology , 42 ( 4 ) : 709 – 725 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilkevitch , J. 2002a . Local, federal forces fight for jurisdiction over Chicago airport security . Knight Ridder Tribune Business News , : 1
   Google Scholar
• Hilkevitch , J. 2002b . United Airways terminal to get U.S. screeners at Chicago airport . Knight Ridder Tribune Business News , : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Hollinger , R. C. and Dabney , D. A. 1999 . Motor vehicle theft at the shopping centre: An application of the routine activities approach . Security Journal , 12 ( 1 ) : 63 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins , M. 2002 . Crimes against businesses: The way forward for future research . British Journal of Criminology , 42 ( 4 ) : 782 – 795 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , B. A. and Wright , R. March, 2006 . Stick-up, street culture, and offender motivation . Criminology , 37 ( 1 ) : 149 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. R. and Kingshott , B. F. 2007 . Property crimes at O’Hare International Airport post 9/11: The impact of increased security . Aviation Security International , 13 ( 4 ) : 27 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. D. and Bowers , K. J. 2003 . Opportunity in the eye of the beholder: The role of publicity in crime prevention . Criminology , 2 ( 3 ) : 497 – 524 .
   Google Scholar
• Keane , C. and Arnold , R. 2005 . Assessing risk of victimization through epidemiological concepts: An alternative analytic strategy applied to routine activities theory . Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology , 42 ( 3 ) : 457 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , L. W. and Forde , D. R. 1990 . Routine activities and crime: An analysis of victimization in Canada . Criminology , 28 ( 1 ) : 137 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleck , G. , Britt , C. L. and Bordua , D. J. 2000 . The emperor has no clothes: Using interrupted time series designs to evaluate social policy impact . Journal on Firearms and Public Policy , 12 ( 10 ) : 197 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• LaFree , G. , Dugan , L. and Korte , R. 2009 . The impact of British counterterrorist strategies on political violence in Northern Ireland: Comparing deterrence and backlash models . Criminology , 47 ( 1 ) : 17 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landes , W. M. April, 1978 . An economic study of U.S. aircraft hijacking, 1961–1976 . Journal of Law and Economics , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftin , C. , McDowall , D. , Wiersema , B. and Cottey , T. J. 1991 . Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District of Columbia . New England Journal of Medicine , 325 ( 23 ) : 1615 – 1620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftin , C. , Heumann , M. and McDowall , D. 1983 . Mandatory sentencing and firearms violence: Evaluating an alternative to gun control . Law and Society Review , 17 : 287 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou , M. February 5, 2004 . Police to use “Human Transporters” at Chicago airports , Evanston, IL : Medill News Service, Northwestern University .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , J. L. , Krohn , M. D. and Bonati , L. M. 1989 . Property crime and the routine activity of individuals . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 26 ( 4 ) : 378 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , S. K. and Agnew , R. 2008 . Extending deterrence theory: Do delinquent peers condition the relationship between perceptions of getting caught and offending? . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 45 ( 2 ) : 91 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowall , D. , Loftin , C. and Wiersma , B. Summer, 1992 . A comparative study of the preventive effects of mandatory sentencing law for gun crimes . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 83 ( 2 ) : 378 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• McDowall , D. , McCleary , R. , Meidinger , E. and Hay , R. 1980 . Interrupted time series analysis, series: Quantitative applications in the social sciences , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Meier , R. F. and Miethe , T. D. 1993 . Understanding theories of criminal victimization . Crime and Justice , 17 : 459 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Miethe , T. D. , Stafford , M. C. and Long , J. S. April 1987 . Social differentiation in criminal victimization: A test of routine activities/lifestyle theories . American Sociological Review , 52 : 184 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner , S. F. and Tardiff , K. 1985 . The social ecology of urban homicide: An application of the “Routine Activities” approach . Criminology , 23 ( 2 ) : 241 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minor , W. W. March, 1975 . Skyjacking crime control models . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 66 ( 1 ) : 94 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagin , D. S. and Paternoster , R. 1993 . Enduring individual differences and rational choice theories of crime . Law & Society Review , 27 ( 3 ) : 467 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission) . 2004 . The 9/11 Commission Report; Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States , New York : W. H. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Osgood , D. W. , Wilson , J. K. , O’Malley , P. M. , Bachman , J. G. and Johnston , L. D. 1996 . Routine activities and individual deviant behavior . American Sociological Review , 61 ( 4 ) : 635 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passenger bag matching could take a back seat to profiling system . December 4, 2002 . Airport Security Report , : 1
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , G. L. and Bowers , W. J. 1981 . The Bartley Fox Gun Law's short term impact on crime in Boston . The Annals , 455 : 120 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Pridemore , W. , Chamblin , M. and Cochran , J. 2007 . An interrupted time-series analysis of Durkheim's Social Deregulation Thesis: The case of the Russian Federation . Justice Quarterly , 24 ( 2 ) : 271 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Law 107–71 . “Aviation and Transportation Security Act” .
   Google Scholar
• Review of TSA non-screener administrative positions . 2006 . Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Homeland Security .
   Google Scholar
• Roncek , D. W. and Maier , P. A. 1991 . Bars, blocks, and crimes revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of “Hot Spots.” . Criminology , 29 ( 4 ) : 725 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidenstat , P. 2004 . Terrorism, airport security, and the private sector . Review of Policy Research , 21 ( 3 ) : 275 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherman , L. W. , Farrington , D. P. , Welsh , B. C. and Mackenzie , D. L. , eds. 2002 . Evidence-based crime prevention , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , W. R. , Frazee , S. G. and Davison , E. L. 2000 . Furthering the integration of routine activity and social disorganization theories: Small units of analysis and the study of street robbery as a diffusion process . Criminology , 38 ( 2 ) : 489 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahura , J. M. and Sloan , J. J. 1988 . Urban stratification of places, routine activities and suburban crime rates . Social Forces , 66 ( 4 ) : 1101 – 1118 .
   Google Scholar
• Tillery , R. 2006 . The changing face of general aviation security regulation: What is being done, what needs to be done, and why does anything need to be done in the first place? . Journal of Air Law and Commerce , 7 ( 2 ) : 307 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Trivizas , E. and Smith , P. T. 1997 . The deterrent effect of terrorist incident on the rates of luggage theft in railways and underground stations . British Journal of Criminology , 37 ( 1 ) : 63 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• TSA pledges additional $21.9 million for Chicago O’Hare security . December 21, 2004 . Government Technology 1
   Google Scholar
• TSA to step up screening agenda in new year . December 15, 2004 . Airport Security Review , 11 ( 25 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Verkuil , P. R. March, 2006 . The publication of airport security . Cardoza Law Review , 27 : 2243 – 2254 .
   Google Scholar
• Weisburd , D. , Bushway , S. , Lum , C. and Yang , S. M. 2004 . Trajectories of crime at places: A longitudinal study of street segments in the city of Seattle . Criminology , 42 ( 3 ) : 283 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Wikstrom , O. H. 1995 . “ Preventing city-center street crimes ” . In Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and justice: A review of the research , Edited by: Tonry , M. and Farrington , D. P. Vol. 19 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Worrall , J. L. 2000 . The routine activities of maritime policy . Security Journal , 13 ( 4 ) : 35 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , R. May 10, 2002 . Chicago police set to take over for Illinois National Guard at airports . Knight Ridder Tribune Business News , : 1
   Google Scholar
• Wright , B. R. E. , Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. and Paternoster , R. May, 2004 . Does the perceived risk of punishment deter criminally prone individuals? Rational choice, self-control, and crime . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 41 ( 2 ) : 180 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar