5,692
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Health Disparities: A Primer for Public Health Social Workers

Pages 237-257 | Published online: 04 May 2010

REFERENCES

  • Alexander , G. C. and Sehgal , A. R. 1998 . Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among Blacks, women, and the poor. . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 ( 13 ) : 1148 – 1152 .
  • Alexander , G. R. and Slay , M. 2002 . Prematurity at birth: Trends, racial disparities, and epidemiology. . Mental Retardation, Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews , 8 ( 4 ) : 215 – 220 .
  • Alexander , G. R. , Tompkins , M. E. , Allen , M. C. and Hulsey , T. C. 1999 . Trends and racial differences in birth weight and related survival. . Maternal and Child Health Journal , 3 ( 2 ) : 71 – 79 .
  • Anderson , R. N. and Smith , B. L. 2005 . Deaths: Leading causes for 2002. . National Vital Statistics Reports , 53 : 1 – 92 .
  • Aron , D. C. , Gordon , H. S. , DiGiuseppe , D. L. , Harper , D. L. and Rosenthal , G. E. 2000 . Variations in risk-adjusted cesarean delivery rates according to race and health insurance. . Medical Care , 38 ( 1 ) : 35 – 44 .
  • Ayanian , J. Z. , Cleary , P. D. , Weissman , J. S. and Epstein , A. M. 1999 . The effect of patients' preferences on racial differences in access to renal transplantation. . The New England Journal of Medicine , 341 ( 22 ) : 1661 – 1669 .
  • Ayanian , J. Z. , Weissman , J. S. , Chasan-Taber , S. and Epstein , A. M. 1999 . Quality of care by race and gender for congestive heart failure and pneumonia. . Medical Care , 37 : 1260 – 1269 .
  • Bach , P. B. , Pham , H. H. , Schrag , D. , Tate , R. C. and Hargraves , J. L. 2004 . Primary care physicians who treat Blacks and Whites. . New England Journal of Medicine , 351 : 575 – 584 .
  • Balsa , A. I. and McGuire , T. G. 2003 . Prejudice, clinical uncertainty, and stereotyping as sources of health disparities. . Journal of Health Economics , 22 ( 1 ) : 89 – 116 .
  • Beals , J. , Spero , M. M. , Whitesell , N. R. , Spicer , P. , Novins , D. K. and Mitchell , C. M. 2005 . Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in two American Indian reservation populations. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 ( 1 ) : 99 – 108 .
  • Bernabei , R. , Gambassi , G. , Lapane , K. , Landi , F. , Gatsonis , C. Dunlop , R. 1998 . Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 279 ( 23 ) : 1877 – 1882 .
  • Blanco , C. , Patel , S. R. , Liu , L. , Jiang , H. , Lewis-Fernandez , R. Schmidt , A. B. 2007 . National trends in ethnic disparities in mental health care. . Medical Care , 45 ( 11 ) : 1012 – 1019 .
  • Blixen , C. E. , Tilley , B. , Havstad , S. and Zoratti , E. 1997 . Quality of life, medication use, and health care utilization of urban African Americans with asthma treated in emergency departments. . Nursing Research , 46 ( 6 ) : 338 – 341 .
  • Breslau , J. , Kendler , K. S. , Su , M. , Gaxiola-Aguilar , S. and Kessler , D. C. 2005 . Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. . Psychological Medicine , 35 ( 3 ) : 317 – 327 .
  • Brett , K. M. , Schoendorf , K. C. and Kiely , J. L. 1994 . Differences between Black and White women in the use of prenatal care technologies. . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 170 ( 1 ) : 41 – 46 .
  • Brown , C. P. , Ross , L. , Lopez , I. , Thornton , A. and Kiros , G. E. 2008 . Disparities in the receipt of cardiac revascularization procedures between Blacks and Whites: An analysis of secular trends. . Ethnicity and Disease , 18 ( 2 suppl. 2 ) : S2–112 – S2–117 .
  • Brownstein , J. N. , Cheal , N. , Ackermann , S. P. , Bassford , T. L. and Campos-Outcalt , D. 1992 . Breast and cervical cancer screening in minority populations: A model for using lay health educators. . Journal of Cancer Education , 7 ( 4 ) : 321 – 326 .
  • Canto , J. G. , Allison , J. J. , Kiefe , C. I. , Fincher , C. , Farmer , R. Sekar , P. 2000 . Relation of race and sex to the use of reperfusion therapy in Medicare beneficiaries with acute myocardial infarction. . New England Journal of Medicine , 342 : 1094 – 1100 .
  • Carrasquillo , O. , Orav , E. J. , Brennan , T. A. and Burstin , H. R. 1999 . Impact of language barriers on patient satisfaction in an emergency department. . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 14 ( 2 ) : 82 – 87 .
  • Clement , L. T. , Jones , C. A. and Cole , J. 2008 . Health disparities in the United States: Childhood asthma. . American Journal of Medical Science , 335 ( 4 ) : 260 – 265 .
  • Collins , K. S. , Hall , A. and Neuhaus , C. 1999 . U.S. minority health: A chartbook. New York : The Commonwealth Fund. .
  • Cook , B. L. , McGuire , T. and Miranda , J. 2007 . Measuring trends in mental health care disparities, 2000–2004. . Psychiatric Services , 58 ( 12 ) : 1533 – 1540 .
  • Cowie , C. C. , Rust , K. F. , Byrd-Holt , D. , Eberhardt , M. S. , Saydah , S. Geiss , L. S. 2003 . Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults: United States, 1999–2000. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 52 : 833 – 837 .
  • Dark , C. K. and Ezenkwele , U. A. 2007 . Access to care as a predictor of patients' knowledge of cardiovascular diseases. . Journal of the National Medical Association , 99 ( 12 ) : 1338 – 1346 .
  • David , R. A. and Rhee , M. 1998 . The impact of language as a barrier to effective health care in an underserved urban Hispanic community. . Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine , 65 ( 5–6 ) : 393 – 397 .
  • Derose , K. P. and Baker , D. W. 2000 . Limited English proficiency and Latinos' use of physician services. . Medical Care Research and Review , 57 ( 1 ) : 76 – 91 .
  • Dovidio , J. F. , Brigham , J. C. , Johnson , B. T. and Gaertner , L. S. 1996 . “ Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look. ” . In Stereotypes and stereotyping Edited by: Macrae , N. , Stangor , C. and Hewstone , M. 276 – 319 . New York : Guilford. .
  • Dransfield , M. T. and Bailey , W. C. 2006 . COPD: Racial disparities in susceptibility, treatment, and outcomes. . Clinics in Chest Medicine , 27 ( 3 ) : 463 – 471 .
  • Dwight-Johnson , M. , Lagomasino , I. T. , Aisenberg , E. and Hay , J. 2004 . Using conjoint analysis to assess depression treatment preferences among low-income Latinos. . Psychiatric Services , 55 : 934 – 936 .
  • Earp , J. L. and Flax , V. L. 1999 . What lay health advisors do: An evaluation of advisors' activities. . Cancer Practice , 7 ( 1 ) : 16 – 21 .
  • Eberhardt , M. S. , Ingram , D. D. and Makuc , D. M. 2001 . Urban and rural health chartbook health, United States. Hyattsville, MD : National Center for Health Statistics. .
  • Edelman , D. J. , Gao , Q. and Mosca , L. 2008 . Predictors and barriers to timely medical follow-up after cardiovascular disease risk factor screening according to race/ethnicity. . Journal of the National Medical Association , 100 ( 5 ) : 534 – 539 .
  • Eisenberg , J. M. and Power , E. J. 2000 . Transforming insurance coverage into quality health care: Voltage drops from potential to delivered quality. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 : 2100 – 2107 .
  • Ellen , J. M. , Aral , S. O. and Madger , L. S. 1998 . Do differences in sexual behaviors account for the racial/ethnic differences in adolescents' self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease? . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 25 : 125 – 129 .
  • Ellen , J. M. , Kohn , R. P. , Bolan , G. A. , Shiboski , S. and Krieger , N. 1995 . Socioeconomic differences in sexually transmitted disease rates among Black and White adolescents, San Francisco, 1990 to 1992. . American Journal of Public Health , 85 ( 11 ) : 1546 – 1548 .
  • Ellen , I. G. , Mijanovich , T. and Dillman , K. 2001 . Neighborhood effects on health: Exploring the links and assessing the evidence. . Journal of Urban Affairs , 23 : 391 – 408 .
  • Elston Lafata , J. , Cole Johnson , C. , Ben-Menachem , T. and Morlock , R. J. 2001 . Sociodemographic differences in the receipt of colorectal cancer surveillance care following treatment with curative intent. . Medical Care , 39 ( 4 ) : 361 – 372 .
  • Ely , G. E. and Dulmus , C. N. 2010 . Disparities in access to reproductive health options for female adolescents. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 341 – 351 .
  • Epstein , A. M. , Zyanian , J. Z. , Keogh , J. H. , Noonan , S. J. , Armistead , N. Cleary , P. D. 2000 . Racial disparities in access to renal transplantation. . New England Journal of Medicine , 343 ( 21 ) : 1537 – 1544 .
  • Feinglass , J. , Abadin , S. , Thompson , J. and Pearce , W. H. 2008 . A census-based analysis of racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates in northern Illinois, 1987. . Journal of Vascular Surgery , 47 ( 5 ) : 1001 – 1007 .
  • Fernandez , M. L. 2007 . Acculturation and biomarkers for type 2 diabetes in Latinos. . Journal of Nutrition , 137 : 871 – 872 .
  • Fiore , B. J. , Olson , J. A. , Hanrahan , L. P. and Anderson , H. A. 2000 . Asthma hospitalizations in Wisconsin: A missed opportunity. . WMJ: State Medical Society of Wisconsin , 99 ( 8 ) : 52 – 56 .
  • Fiske , S. 1998 . “ Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. ” . In The handbook of social psychology, , 4th ed. Edited by: Gilbert , D. T. , Fiske , S. T. and Lindzey , G. 357 – 411 . New York : Guilford Press. .
  • Flores , G. 2006 . Language barriers to health care in the United States. . New England Journal of Medicine , 355 ( 3 ) : 229 – 231 .
  • Garg , P. P. , Diener-West , M. and Powe , N. E. 2001 . Reducing racial disparities in transplant activation: Whom should we target? . American Journal of Kidney Diseases , 37 ( 5 ) : 921 – 931 .
  • Gaylin , D. S. , Held , P. J. , Port , F. K. , Hunsicker , L. G. , Wolfe , R. A. Kahan , B. D. 1993 . The impact of comorbid and sociodemographic factors on access to renal transplantation. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 269 : 603 – 608 .
  • Gehlert , S. , Murray , A. , Sohmer , D. , McClintock , M. , Conzen , S. and Olopade , O. 2010 . The importance of transdisciplinary collaborations for understanding and resolving health disparities. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 408 – 422 .
  • Gerber , Y. , Weston , S. A. , Killian , J. M. , Therneau , T. M. , Jacobsen , S. J. and Roger , V. L. 2008 . Neighborhood income and individual education: Effect on survival after myocardial infarction. . Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 83 ( 6 ) : 663 – 669 .
  • Giordano , T. P. , Morgan , R. O. , Kramer , J. R. , Hartman , C. , Richardson , P. White , C. A. 2006 . Is there a race-based disparity in the survival of veterans with HIV? . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 21 ( 6 ) : 613 – 617 .
  • Glynn , M. and Rhodes , P. 2005, June . Estimated HIV prevalence in the United States at the end of 2003 Paper presented at the National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, GA.
  • Hall , H. I. , Byers , R. H. , Ling , Q. and Espinoza , L. 2007 . Racial/ethnic and age disparities in HIV prevalence and disease progression among men who have sex with men in the United States. . American Journal of Public Health , 97 ( 6 ) : 1060 – 1066 .
  • Hall , H. I. , McDavid , K. , Ling , Q. and Sloggett , A. 2006 . Determinants of progression to AIDS or death after HIV diagnosis, United States, 1996–2001. . Annals of Epidemiology , 16 ( 11 ) : 824 – 833 .
  • Harris , M. 2001 . Racial and ethnic differences in healthcare access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. . Diabetes Care , 24 : 454 – 459 .
  • Healthy People . 2010 . Understanding and improving health: Respiratory diseases. Washington, DC : US Department of Health and Human Services. .
  • Hemingway , H. , Crook , A. M. , Feder , G. , Banerjee , S. , Dawson , J. R. Magee , P. 2001 . Underuse of coronary revascularization procedures in patients considered appropriate candidates for revascularization. . New England Journal of Medicine , 344 ( 9 ) : 645 – 654 .
  • Holmes , L. , Escalante , C. , Garrison , O. , Foldi , B. X. , Ogungbade , G. O. Essien , E. J. 2008 . Testicular cancer incidence trends in the USA (1975–2004): Plateau or shifting racial paradigm? . Public Health , 122 ( 9 ) : 862 – 872 .
  • Howell , E. M. , Pettit , K. L. S. and Kingsley , G. T. 2005 . Trends in maternal and infant health in poor urban neighborhoods: Good news from the 1990s, but challenges remain. . Public Health Reports , 120 : 409 – 417 .
  • Husaini , B. A. , Reece , M. C. , Emerson , J. S. , Scales , S. , Hull , P. C. and Levine , R. S. 2008 . A church-based program on prostate cancer screening for African American men: Reducing health disparities. . Ethnicity and Disease , 18 ( suppl. 2 ) : S179 – S184 .
  • Imperato , P. J. , Nenner , R. P. and Will , T. O. 1996 . Radical prostatectomy: Lower rates among African American men. . Journal of the National Medical Association , 88 ( 9 ) : 589 – 594 .
  • Institute of Medicine. 1999 . Toward environmental justice: Research, education, and health policy needs. Washington, DC : National Academy Press. .
  • Jackson , E. J. and Parks , C. P. 1997 . Recruitment and training issues from selected lay health advisor program among African Americans: A 20-year perspective. . Health Education & Behavior , 24 ( 4 ) : 418 – 431 .
  • Jerant , A. F. , Fenton , J. J. and Franks , P. 2008 . Determinants of racial/ethnic colorectal cancer screening disparities. . Archives of Internal Medicine , 168 ( 12 ) : 1317 – 1324 .
  • Ka'opua , L. S. and Holden , D. J. 2010 . Cancer disparities in the Federated States of Micronesia: Funding challenges of a developing nation in epidemiological transition. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 296 – 310 .
  • Kasiske , B. , London , W. and Ellison , M. D. 1998 . Race and socioeconomic factors influencing early placement on the kidney transplant waiting list. . Journal of the American Society of Nephrology , 9 ( 11 ) : 2142 – 2147 .
  • Kim , C. , Sinco , B. and Kieffer , E. A. 2007 . Racial and ethnic variation in access to health care, provision of health care services, and ratings of health among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. . Diabetes Care , 30 ( 6 ) : 1459 – 1465 .
  • Kim , W. and Keefe , R. H. 2010 . Barriers to healthcare among Asian Americans. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 286 – 295 .
  • Lane , S. D. , Webster , N. , Levandowski , B. A. , Rubinstein , R. A. , Keefe , R. H. Wojtowycz , M. A. 2008 . Environmental injustice: Childhood lead poisoning, teen pregnancy and tobacco. . Journal of Adolescent Health , 42 ( 1 ) : 43 – 49 .
  • Lane , S. D. , Keefe , R. H. , Rubinstein , R. A. , Levandowski , B. A. , Webster , N. J. Cibula , D. A. 2008 . Structural violence, urban retail food markets, and low birth weight. . Health and Place , 14 ( 3 ) : 415 – 423 .
  • Lanting , L. C. , Mackenbach , J. P. , Lamberts , S. W. J. and Bootsma , A. H. 2005 . Ethnic differences in mortality, end-stage complications, and quality of care among diabetic patients. . Diabetes Care , 28 : 2280 – 2288 .
  • Laouri , M. , Kravitz , R. L. , French , W. J. , Yang , I. , Milliken , J. C. Hillborne , L. 1997 . Underuse of coronary revascularization procedures: Application of a clinical method. . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 29 : 891 – 897 .
  • Larrison , C. R. , Velez-Ortiz , D. , Hernandez , P. M. , Piedra , L. M. and Goldberg , A. 2010 . Brokering Language and Culture: Can Ad Hoc Interpreters Fill the Language Service Gap at Community Health Centers? . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 387 – 407 .
  • Latka , M. , Ahern , J. , Garfein , R. S. , Ouellet , L. , Kerndt , P. Morse , P. 2001 . Prevalence, incidence, and correlates of Chlamydia and gonorrhea among young adults injection drug users. . Journal of Substance Abuse , 13 ( 1–2 ) : 73 – 88 .
  • Lavery , L. A. , Ashry , H. R. , van Houtum , W. , Pugh , J. A. , Harkless , L. B. and Basu , S. 1996 . Variation in the incidence and proportion of diabetes-related amputations in minorities. . Diabetes Care , 19 ( 1 ) : 48 – 52 .
  • Leigh , W. A. , Lillie-Blanton , M. , Martinez , R. M. and Collins , K. S. 1999 . Managed care in three states: Experiences of low-income African Americans and Hispanics. . Inquiry , 36 ( 3 ) : 318 – 331 .
  • Linder , S. H. , Marko , D. and Sexton , K. 2008 . Cumulative cancer risk from air pollution in Houston: Disparities in risk burden and social disadvantage. . Environmental Science and Technology , 42 ( 12 ) : 4312 – 4322 .
  • Lurie , N. , Jung , M. and Lavizzo-Mourey , R. 2005 . Disparities and quality improvement: Federal policy levers. . Health Affairs , 24 ( 2 ) : 354 – 364 .
  • Manson , A. 1988 . Language concordance as a determinant of patient compliance and emergency room use in patients with asthma. . Medical Care , 26 ( 12 ) : 1220 – 1224 .
  • Martin , S. S. , Trask , J. , Peterson , T. , Martin , B. C. , Baldwin , J. and Knapp , M. 2010 . Influence of culture and discrimination on care-seeking behavior of elderly African Americans: A qualitative study. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 311 – 326 .
  • McGuire , T. G. and Miranda , J. 2008 . New evidence regarding racial and ethnic disparities in mental health: Policy implications. . Health Affairs , 27 ( 2 ) : 393 – 403 .
  • McMahon , L. F. , Wolf , R. A. , Huang , S. , Tedeschi , P. , Manning , W. and Edlund , M. J. 1999 . Racial and gender variation in use of diagnostic colonic procedures in the Michigan Medicare population. . Medical Care , 37 ( 7 ) : 712 – 717 .
  • Meneghini , L. 2008 . Ethnic disparities in diabetes care: Myth or reality? . Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity , 15 ( 2 ) : 128 – 134 .
  • Merrill , R. M. , Merrill , A. V. and Mayer , L. S. 2000 . Factors associated with no surgery or radiation therapy for invasive cervical cancer in Black and White women. . Ethnicity and Disease , 10 : 248 – 256 .
  • Mertz , K. J. , Voigt , R. A. , Hutchins , K. and Levine , W. C. 2002 . Findings from STD screening of adolescents and adults entering corrections facilities: Implications for STD control strategies. . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 29 ( 12 ) : 834 – 839 .
  • Mickelson , J. K. , Blum , C. M. and Geraci , J. M. 1997 . Acute myocardial infarction: Clinical characteristics, management and outcomes in a metropolitan veterans affairs medical center teaching hospital. . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 29 : 915 – 925 .
  • Miller , J. 2000 . The effects of race/ethnicity and income on early childhood asthma prevalence and health care use. . American Journal of Public Health , 90 ( 3 ) : 428 – 430 .
  • Mirvis , D. M. , Burns , R. , Gaschen , L. , Cloar , F. T. and Graney , M. 1994 . Variation in utilization of cardiac procedures in the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system: Effect of race. . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 24 : 1297 – 1304 .
  • Mitchell , J. B. and McCormack , L. A. 1997 . Time trends in late-stage diagnosis of cervical cancer: Differences by race/ethnicity and income. . Medical Care , 35 ( 12 ) : 1220 – 1224 .
  • Mokdad , A. H. , Ford , E. S. , Bowman , B. A. , Nelson , D. E. , Engelgau , M. M. Vinicor , F. 2000 . Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990–1998. . Diabetes Care , 23 ( 9 ) : 1278 – 1283 .
  • Moore , R. D. , Stanton , D. , Gopalan , R. and Chaisson , R. E. 1994 . Racial differences in the use of drug therapy for HIV disease in an urban community. . New England Journal of Medicine , 330 ( 1 ) : 763 – 768 .
  • Mor , J. M. , Alexander , G. R. , Kogan , M. D. , Kieffer , E. C. and Ichiho , H. M. 1995 . Similarities and disparities in maternal risk and birth outcomes of White and Japanese-American mothers. . Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology , 9 ( 1 ) : 59 – 73 .
  • Nakashima , A. K. and Fleming , P. L. 2003 . HIV/AIDS surveillance in the United States, 1981–2001. . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 31 ( suppl. 1 ) : S68 – S85 .
  • Nearns , J. and Forthofer , M. S. 2010 . Social disparities in the receipt of contraceptive services among sexually experienced adolescent females. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 352 – 367 .
  • Nelson , C. A. 2006 . Of eggshells and thin-skulls: A consideration of racism-related mental illness impacting Black women. . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 29 ( 2 ) : 112 – 136 .
  • Newman , L. A. , Roff , M. K. and Weinberg , A. D. 2008 . Cancer clinical trials accrual: Missed opportunities to address disparities and missed opportunities to improve outcomes for all. . Annals of Surgical Oncology , 15 ( 7 ) : 1818 – 1819 .
  • Oddone , E. Z. , Horner , R. D. , Sloane , R. , McIntyre , L. , Ward , A. Whittle , J. 1999 . Understanding racial variation in the use of carotid endarterectomy: The role of aversion to surgery. . Journal of the National Medical Association , 90 ( 1 ) : 25 – 33 .
  • Osborn , C. Y. , Paasche-Orlow , M. K. , Davis , T. C. and Wolf , M. S. 2007 . Health literacy: An overlooked factor in understanding HIV health disparities. . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 33 ( 5 ) : 374 – 378 .
  • Perez-Escamilla , R. and Putnik , P. 2007 . The role of acculturation in nutrition, lifestyle and incidence of type 2 diabetes among Latinos. . Journal of Nutrition , 137 : 860 – 870 .
  • Perloff , J. D. and Jaffee , K. D. 1999 . Late entry into prenatal care: The neighborhood context. . Social Work , 44 : 116 – 118 .
  • Petersen , L. A. , Wright , S. M. , Peterson , E. D. and Daley , J. 2002 . Impact of race on cardiac care and outcomes in veterans with acute myocardial infarction. . Medical Care , 40 ( 1 suppl. ) : 86 – 96 .
  • Peterson , E. D. , Shaw , L. K. , DeLong , E. R. , Pryor , D. B. , Califf , R. M. and Mark , D. B. 1997 . Racial variation in the use of coronary-revascularization procedures: Are the differences real? Do they matter? . New England Journal of Medicine , 336 : 480 – 486 .
  • Ramos , B. M. , Jurkowski , J. , Gonzalez , B. A. and Lawrence , C. 2010 . Latina women: Health and healthcare disparities. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 258 – 271 .
  • Ramsey , D. J. , Goff , D. C. , Wear , M. L. , Larbarthe , D. R. and Nichaman , M. Z. 1997 . Sex and ethnic difference in use of myocardial revascularization procedures in Mexican American and non-Hispanic Whites: The Corpus Christie Heart Project. . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 50 ( 5 ) : 603 – 609 .
  • Reif , S. , Whetten , K. and Thielman , N. 2007 . Association of race and gender with use of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected individuals in the Southeastern United States. . Southern Medical Journal , 100 ( 8 ) : 775 – 781 .
  • Rodney , M. , Clasen , C. , Goldman , G. , Markert , R. and Deane , D. 1998 . Three evaluation methods of a community health advocate program. . Journal of Community Health , 23 ( 5 ) : 371 – 381 .
  • Sabatino , S. A. , Coates , R. J. , Uhler , R. J. , Breen , N. , Tangka , F. and Shaw , K. M. 2008 . Disparities in mammography use among US women aged 40–64 years, by race, ethnicity, income, and health insurance status, 1983 and 2005. . Medical Care , 46 ( 7 ) : 692 – 700 .
  • Sarkar , U. , Fisher , L. and Schillinger , D. 2006 . Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy? . Diabetes Care , 29 ( 4 ) : 823 – 829 .
  • Satcher , D. and Rust , G. 2006 . Achieving health equity in America. . Ethnicity and Disease , 16 ( 2 suppl. 3 ) : S3–8 – S3–13 .
  • Schur , C. L. and Albers , L. A. 1996 . Language, sociodemographics, and health care use of Hispanic adults. . Journal of Healthcare for the Poor and Underserved , 7 ( 2 ) : 140 – 158 .
  • Sedlis , S. P. , Fisher , V. J. , Tice , D. , Esposito , R. , Madmon , L. and Steinberg , E. H. 1997 . Racial differences in performance of invasive cardiac procedures in a Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 50 ( 8 ) : 899 – 901 .
  • Shanawani , H. 2006 . Health disparities and differences in asthma: Concepts and controversies. . Clinics in Chest Medicine , 27 ( 1 ) : 17 – 28 .
  • Shapiro , M. F. , Morton , S. C. , McCaffrey , D. F. , Senterfitt , J. W. , Fleishman , J. A. Perlman , J. F. 1999 . Variations in the care of HIV-infected adults in the United Sates: Results from the HV Vost and Services Utilization Study. . Journal of the American Medical Association , 281 : 2305 – 2375 .
  • Shi , L. 1999 . Experience of primary care by racial and ethnic groups in the United States. . Medical Care , 37 : 1068 – 1077 .
  • Smedley , B. D. , Stith , A. Y. and Nelson , A. R. 2003 . Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC : The National Academic Press. .
  • Steele , C. B. , Richmond-Reese , V. and Lomax , S. 2006 . Racial and ethnic disparities in HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis among women. . Journal of Women's Health , 15 ( 2 ) : 116 – 122 .
  • Sundquist , J. and Winkleby , M. 2000 . Country of birth, acculturation status and abdominal obesity in a national sample of Mexican-American women and men. . International Journal of Epidemiology , 29 : 470 – 477 .
  • Taveras , S. , Duncan , T. , Gentry , D. , Gilliam , A. , Kimbrough , I. and Minaya , J. 2007 . The evolution of the CDC HIV prevention capacity-building assistance initiative. . Journal of Public Health Management and Practice , 18 ( suppl. ) : S8 – 15 .
  • Taylor , A. J. , Meyer , G. S. , Morse , R. W. and Pearson , C. E. 1997 . Can characteristics of a health care system mitigate ethnic bias I access to cardiovascular procedures? Experience from the military health services system. . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 30 : 901 – 907 .
  • Thomas , J. , Carter , C. , Torrone , E. A. and Levandowski , B. A. 2008 . Pulling together: Interagency coordination and STI/HIV prevention. . Journal of Public Health Management and Practice , 14 ( 1 ) : E1 – E6 .
  • Tillerson , K. 2008 . Explaining racial disparities in HIV/AIDS incidence among women in the U.S.: A systematic review. . Statistics in Medicine , 27 ( 20 ) : 4132 – 4143 .
  • Torrone , E. A. , Levandowski , B. A. , Thomas , J. C. , Isler , M. R. and Leone , P. A. 2010 . Identifying gaps in HIV prevention services. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 327 – 340 .
  • Trivers , K. F. , Shaw , K. M. , Sabatino , S. A. , Shapiro , J. A. and Coates , R. J. 2008 . Trends in colorectal cancer screening disparities in people aged 50–64 years, 2000–2005. . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 35 ( 3 ) : 185 – 193 .
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2001 . Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity—A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. .
  • Wallace , J. C. , Denk , C. E. and Kruse , K. L. 2004 . Pediatric hospitalizations for asthma: Use of linked file to separate person-level risk and readmission. . Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy , 1 ( 2 ) : 1 – 10 .
  • Wang , P. S. , Berglund , P. and Kessler , R. C. 2000 . Recent care of common mental disorders in the United States: Prevalence and conformance with evidence-based recommendations. . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 15 ( 5 ) : 284 – 292 .
  • Weaver , H. N. 2010 . Native Americans and cancer risks: Moving toward multifaceted solutions. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 272 – 285 .
  • Weinick , R. M. , Zuvekas , S. H. and Cohen , J. W. 2000 . Racial and ethnic differences in access to and use of health care services, 1977 to 1996. . Medical Care Research and Review , 57 ( 1 ) : 36 – 54 .
  • Wells , K. , Klap , R. , Koike , K. and Sherbourne , C. 2001 . Ethnic disparities in unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health care. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 12 ) : 2027 – 2032 .
  • Westermeyer , J. and Janca , A. 1997 . Language, culture, and psychopathology: Conceptual and methodological issues. . Transcultural Psychiatry , 34 ( 3 ) : 291 – 311 .
  • Whittle , J. , Conigliaro , J. , Good , C. B. and Lofgren , R. P. 1993 . Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures in the Department of Veterans Affairs medical system. . The New England journal of Medicine , 329 ( 9 ) : 621 – 627 .
  • Williams , D. R. 1999 . Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism and discrimination. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 896 : 173 – 188 .
  • Williams , D. R. 2006 . The health of U.S. racial and ethnic populations. . Journals of Gerontology, Series B–Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 60 ( special issue 2 ) : 53 – 62 .
  • Williams , D. R. , Gonzalez , H. M. , Neighbors , H. , Nesse , R. , Abelson , J. M. Sweetman , J. 2007 . Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 64 ( 3 ) : 305 – 315 .
  • Williams , J. F. , Zimmerman , J. E. , Wagner , D. P. , Hawkins , M. and Knaus , W. A. 1995 . African-American and White patients admitted to the intensive care unit: Is there a difference in therapy and outcome? . Critical Care Medicine , 23 ( 4 ) : 626 – 636 .
  • Wingate , M. S. and Alexander , G. R. 2006 . Racial and ethnic differences in perinatal mortality: The role of fetal death. . Annals of Epidemiology , 16 ( 6 ) : 485 – 491 .
  • Wisdom , J. P. , McGee , M. G. , Horner-Johnson , W. , Michael , Y. L. , Adams , E. and Berlin , M. 2010 . Health disparities between women with and without disabilities: A review of the research. . Social Work in Public Health , 25 ( 3–4 ) : 368 – 386 .
  • Witmer , A. , Seifer , S. D. , Finocchio , L. , Leslie , J. and O'Neil , E. H. 1995 . Community health workers: Integral members of the health care work force. . American Journal of Public Health , 85 ( 8 ) : 1055 – 1058 .
  • Young , C. J. and Gaston , R. S. 2000 . Renal transplantation in Black Americans. . New England Journal of Medicine , 343 ( 21 ) : 1545 – 1552 .
  • Young , A. S. , Klap , R. , Sherbourne , C. D. and Wells , K. G. 2001 . The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 : 55 – 61 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.