Textual Scaffolds for Developing Fluency in Beginning Readers: Accuracy and Reading Rate in Qualitatively Leveled and Decodable Text

References

• Allington , R. 2005 . The other five “pillars” of effective reading instruction . Reading Today , 22 June/July : 3
   Google Scholar
• Allington , R. and Woodside/Jiron , H. 1998 . Decodable text in beginning reading: Are mandates and policy based on research? . ERS Spectrum , 16 : 3 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. C. , Hiebert , E. H. , Scott , J. A. and Wilkinson , I. A. 1985 . Becoming a nation of readers: The report of the commission on reading , Champaign, IL : Center for the Study of Reading .
   Google Scholar
• Bear , D. , Invernezzi , M. , Templeton , S. and Johnston , F. 2004 . Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction , second , New York : Merrill Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , I. L. and Juel , C. 1995 . The role of decoding in learning to read . The American Educator, Summer 8 , : 21 – 25 . 39 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , I. L. and Block , K. K. 1978 . An analysis of the dimensions that affect the development of code-breaking ability in eight beginning reading programs , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center .
   Google Scholar
• Bloomfield , L. and Barnhart , C. L. 1961 . “ Let's read, a linguistic approach ” . Detroit, MI : Wayne State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brabham , E. G. and Villaume , S. K. 2002 . Leveled text: The good news and the bad news . Reading Teacher , 55 ( 5 ) : 438 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , K. 1999 . What kind of text—For whom and when? Textual scaffolding for beginning readers . The Reading Teacher , 53 : 292 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Department of Education . 1996 . Guide to the California reading initiative of 1996 , Sacramento, CA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Carousel Press . 2000 . Carousel readers , New York : Dominie Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chall , J. S. 1983 . Stages of reading development , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Chard , D. J. , Vaughn , S. and Tyler , B.-J. 2002 . A synthesis of research on effective interventions for building reading fluency with elementary students with learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 35 : 386 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay , M. M. 1985 . The early detection of reading difficulties , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Compton , D. L. , Appleton , A. and Hosp , M. 2004 . Exploring the relationship between text-leveling systems and reading accuracy and fluency in second grade students who are average and poor decoders . Learning Disabilities Research & Practice , 19 ( 3 ) : 176 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , J. W. , Spadorcia , S. A. , Erickson , K. , Koppenhaver , D. A. , Sturm , J. M. and Yoder , D. E. 2005 . Investigating the instructional supportiveness of leveled texts . Reading Research Quarterly , 40 : 410 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Elson , W. H. and Gray , W. S. 1930 . The Elson basic readers , Chicago, IL : Scott Foresman .
   Google Scholar
• Englebretson , R. , Hiebert , E. H. and Juel , C. 1998 . Ready readers , Parsippany, NJ : Modern Curriculum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Foorman , B. R. , Francis , D. J. , Davidson , K. C. , Harm , M. W. and Griffin , J. 2004 . Variability in text feature in six grade 1 basal reading programs . Scientific Studies of Reading , 8 ( 2 ) : 167 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountas , I. and Pinnell , G. S. 1996 . Guided reading: Good first teaching for all children , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Fountas , I. and Pinnell , G. S. 1999 . Matching texts and readers. Using leveled texts in grades K–3 , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Fountas , I. and Pinnell , G. S. 2002 . Leveled books for readers, grades 3–6: A companion volume for guiding readers and writers , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Hammett , L. A. , van Kleeck , A. and Huberty , C. J. 2003 . Patterns of extratexual interactions during book sharing with preschool children: A cluster analysis study . Reading Research Quarterly , 38 ( 4 ) : 442 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , P. 2000 . Predictors of Reading Recovery book levels . Journal of Research in Reading , 23 ( 1 ) : 67 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , T. L. and Hodges , R. E. , eds. 1995 . The literacy dictionary: The vocabulary of reading and writing , Newark, DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. 1999 . Text matters in learning to read . The Reading Teacher , 52 : 552 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. and Fisher , C. W. Text matters in developing fluent reading . A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . April , New Orleans, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert , E. H. and Mesmer , H. A. 2006 . “ Perspectives on the difficulty of beginning reading texts ” . In Handbook of early literacy , 2nd , Edited by: Dickinson , D. and Neuman , S. 395 – 409 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J. V., Sailors, M., & Patterson, J. (2003). Decodable texts for beginning reading instruction: The year 2000 basals (CIERA Report # 1–016). Retrieved December 20, 2003, from http://www.ciera.org/library/reports/
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. V. WORDs (on words in leveled texts for beginning readers) . 51st yearbook of the national reading conference . Oak Creek, WI. Edited by: Schallert , D. , Fairbanks , C. M. , Worthy , J. , Maloch , B. and Hoffman , J. V. pp. 59 – 81 . National Reading Conference . InEds.pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. V. , Roser , N. L. , Salas , R. , Patterson , E. and Pennington , J. 2001 . Text leveling and little books in first grade . Journal of Literacy Research , 33 : 507 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. F. , Lane , H. B. and Pullen , P. C. 2005 . Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why, and how? . Reading Teacher , 58 ( 8 ) : 702 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. , Peyton , J. A. , Sanders , E. A. and Vadasy , P. 2004 . Effects of decodable texts in supplemental first grade tutoring . Scientific Studies of Reading , 8 ( 1 ) : 53 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , F. 2000 . Word learning in predictable text . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 ( 2 ) : 248 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juel , C. and Roper/Schneider , D. 1985 . The influence of basal readers on first grade reading . Reading Research Quarterly , 20 : 134 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kame'enui , E. J. and Simmons , D. C. 2001 . Introduction to this special issue: The DNA of reading fluency . Scientific Studies of Reading , 5 : 203 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. and Stahl , S. 2003 . Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 ( 1 ) : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBerge , D. and Samuels , S. J. 1974 . Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading . Cognitive Psychology , 6 : 293 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuffey , J. W. 1836 . McGuffey's eclectic readers , New York : John Wiley & Sons, INC .
   Google Scholar
• Menon, S., & Hiebert, E. (1999). Literature anthologies: The task for first-grade readers. (A report of the Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement # 009). Retrieved fromon August 20, 2002 http://www.ciera.org/library/reports/inquiry-1/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H. A. and Lake , K. inpress . The roll of syllable awareness in the development of finger-point reading . Reading Psychology. ,
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H. A. 2008 . Tools for matching readers to texts: Research-based practices , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H. A. 2006 . Beginning reading materials: A national survey of primary teachers' reported uses and beliefs . Journal of Literacy Research , 38 ( 4 ) : 389 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H. A. 2005 . Text decodability and the first grade reader . Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties , 2 ( 1 ) : 61 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H. A. 2003 . The art of balancing instructional materials for beginning readers: Becoming a wise consumer . Balanced Reading Instruction , 10 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H.A. 2001a . Decodable text: A review of what we know . Reading Research and Instruction , 40 : 462 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H.A. 2001b . Examining the theoretical claims about decodable text: Does text decodability lead to greater application of letter/sound knowledge in first grade readers? . The Yearbook of the National Reading Conference , 40 : 462 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer , H. A. 1999 . Scaffolding a crucial transition using texts with some decodability . The Reading Teacher , 53 : 130 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , M. S. and Felton , R. H. 1999 . Repeated reading to enhance fluency: Old approaches and new directions . Annals of Dyslexia , 49 : 283 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . 2000 . Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups , NIH Publication No. 00–4754 Jessup, MD : National Institute for Literacy .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , B. 2001 . Literary pathways , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher , B. and Fang , Z. 2007 . Can we trust leveled texts? An examination of their reliability and quality from a linguistic perspective . Literacy , 41 ( 1 ) : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Reutzel , D. R. and Daines , D. 1987 . The text-relatedness of reading lessons in seven basal reading series . Reading Research and Instruction , 27 : 26 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Rog , L. J. and Burton , W. 2001 . Matching texts and readers: Leveling early reading materials for assessment and instruction . Reading Teacher , 55 : 348 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels , J. and Farstrup , A. E. 2006 . What research has to say about fluency instruction , Newark, DE : International Reading Association (NJ3) .
   Google Scholar
• Samuels , S. J. and Flor , R. F. 1997 . The importance of automaticity for developing expertise in reading . Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties , 13 ( 2 ) : 107 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , J. 1997 . Dick ran, Dan ran, and so did the Gingerbread man: A quick survey of 20th century reading instruction . Wesleyan Graduate Review , 1 ( 1 ) : 39 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanker , J. L. and Ekwall , E. E. 2000 . Ekwall/Shanker Reading Inventory , 4th , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , M. , Johnson , B. and Gutlohn , L. 1999 . Analyzing beginning reading programs: The relationship between decoding instruction and text . Remedial and Special Education , 20 : 257 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Texas Department of Education . 1997 . 1997 Proclamation of the State Board of Education advertising for bids on instructional materials , Austin, TX : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Vadasy , P. F. , Sanders , E. A. and Peyton , J. A. 2005 . Relative effectiveness of reading practice or word-level instruction in supplemental tutoring: How text matters . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 38 : 364 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster , N. 1829 . The elementary spelling book , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library .
   Google Scholar
• Willows , D. M. , Borwick , D. and Hayvren , M. 1981 . “ The content of school readers ” . In Reading research: Advances in theory and practice vol. 2 , Edited by: MacKinnon , G. E. and Waller , T. G. 95 – 175 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. and Bowers , P. 2000 . The question of naming-speed deficits in developmental reading disability: An introduction to the double-deficit hypothesis . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 : 322 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. and Bowers , P. 1999 . The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 415 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar