925
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Graphic organizers as aids to text learning

Pages 85-105 | Published online: 28 Jan 2010

References

  • Alvarez , M. C. 1983 . Using a thematic pre‐organizer and guided instruction as aids to concept learning . Reading Horizons , 24 : 51 – 58 .
  • Alvermann , D. 1986 . “ Graphic organizers: Cuing devices for comprehending and remembering main ideas ” . In Teaching main idea comprehension , Edited by: Baumann , J. F. Newark, Delaware : International Reading Association .
  • Alvermann , D. E. 1981 . The compensatory effect of graphic organizers on descriptive text . Journal of Educational Research , 75 : 44 – 48 .
  • Alvermann , D. E. 1980 . Effects of graphic organizers, textual organizers, and reading comprehension level on recall of expository prose . Dissertation Abstracts International , 41 : 3963A
  • Anderson , T. H. and Armbruster , B. B. 1984 . “ Content area textbooks ” . In Learning to read in American schools: Basal readers and content texts , Edited by: Anderson , R. C. , Osbom , J. and Tierney , R. J. 193 – 226 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Armbruster , B. B. and Anderson , T. H. October 1982 . “ Idea mapping: The technique and its use in the classroom or simulating the “ups” and “downs” of reading comprehension ” . Reading Education Report No. 36 October , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, Center for the Study of Reading . (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 221 842)
  • Armbruster , B. B. and Ostertag , J. 1993 . “ Questions in elementary science and social studies textbooks ” . In Learning from textbooks: Theory and practice , Edited by: Britton , B. K. , Woodward , A. and Binkley , M. R. Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlbaum .
  • Ausubel , D. P. 1968 . Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
  • Barnes , B. R. and Clawson , E. U. 1975 . Do advance organizers facilitate learning? . Review of Educational Research , 45 : 637 – 660 .
  • Barron , R. F. 1979 . “ Research for the classroom teacher: Recent developments on the structured overview as an advance organizer ” . In Research in reading in the content areas: The fourth report , Edited by: Herber , H. L. and Riley , J. D. Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Reading and Language Arts Center .
  • Barron , R. F. 1969 . “ The use of vocabulary as an advance organizer ” . In Research in reading in the content areas: First year report , Edited by: Herber , H. L. and Vacca , R. T. Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Reading and Language Arts Center .
  • Barron , R. F. and Cooper , R. 1973 . “ Effects of advance organizers and grade level upon information acquisition from an instructional level general science passage ” . In Diversity in mature reading: Theory and research , Edited by: Nacke , R L. 78 – 82 . Clemson, SC : National Reading Conference .
  • Barron , R. F. and Stone , V. F. Interaction: Research and practice for college‐adult reading . Twenty‐third Yearbook of the National Reading Conference . Effect of student‐constructed graphic post organizers upon learning vocabulary relationships , Edited by: Nacke , R L. pp. 172 – 175 .
  • Bartlett , B. J. 1978 . “ Top‐level structure as an organizational strategy for recall of classroom text ” . In (Prose Learning Series Research Report No. 1.) , Tempe, AZ : Arizona State University .
  • Bean , T. W. , Singer , H. , Sorter , J. and Frazee , C. 1986 . The effect of metacognitive instruction in outlining and graphic organizer construction on students’ comprehension in a tenth‐grade world history class . Journal of Reading Behavior , 18 : 153 – 169 .
  • Bernard , R. M. 1990 . Effects of processing instructions on the usefulness of a graphic organizer and structural cueing in text . Instructional Science , 19 : 207 – 217 .
  • Bjorklund , D. F. and Harnishfeger , K. K. 1990 . “ Children's strategies: Their definition and origins ” . In Children's strategies: Contemporary views of cognitive development , Edited by: Bjorklund , D. F. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Boothby , P. R. and Alvermann , D. E. 1984 . Classroom training study: The effects of graphic organizer instruction on fourth graders’ comprehension . Reading World , 23 : 325 – 329 .
  • Brandt , D. M. 1978 . Prior knowledge of the author's schema and the comprehension of prose , Arizona State University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Calfee , R. C. and Chambliss , M. J. 1987 . The structural design features of large texts . Educational Psychologist , 22 : 357 – 378 .
  • Camperell , K. and Reeves , C. Effects of training junior college students to use networking techniques to understand and study technical texts . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the College Reading Association . Philadelphia. October .
  • Camperell , K. and Smith , L. L. Improving comprehension through the use of networking . Paper presented at the Southeastern Regional Conference of the International Reading Association . Biloxi, Mississippi.
  • Corkill , A. J. 1992 . Advance organizers: Facilitators of recall . Educational Psychology Review , 4 : 33 – 67 .
  • Darch , C. B. , Carnine , D. W. and Kameenui , E. J. 1986 . The role of graphic organizers and social structure in content area instruction . Journal of Reading Behavior , 18 : 275 – 295 .
  • Davidson , J. L. 1982 . The group mapping activity for instruction in reading and thinking . Journal of Reading , 26 : 52 – 56 .
  • Day , R. S. 1988 . “ Alternative representations ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. Volume 22 , 261 – 303 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Denner , P. R. 1986 . Comparison of the effects of episodic organizers and traditional note‐taking on story recall , Final Report grant no. 538 Idaho State University . ED 270 731
  • Dennison , R. S. and Kiewra , K. A. Studying text supplements: Attention focusing and internal connection effects . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Atlanta, GA. April .
  • Diekhoff , G. M. 1983 . Relation judgments in the evaluation of structural understanding . Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 : 227 – 233 .
  • Dinnel , D. and Glover , J. A. 1985 . Advance organizers: Encoding manipulations . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 514 – 521 .
  • Draheim , M. E. Facilitating comprehension and written recall of exposition through DRTA instruction and conceptual mapping . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Reading Conference . Austin, Texas. November .
  • Dunston , P. J. 1992 . A critique of graphic organizer research . Reading Research and Instruction , 31 : 57 – 65 .
  • Earle , R. A. 1969 . “ Use of structured overview in mathematics classes ” . In Research in reading in the content areas: First‐year report , Edited by: Herber , H. L. and Sanders , P. L. Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press .
  • Estes , T. H. The effect of advance organizers upon meaningful reception learning and retention of social studies content . Paper presented at the National Reading Conference . Tampa, Florida. December .
  • Estes , T. H. , Mills , D. C. and Barron , R. F. 1969 . “ Three methods of introducing student reading‐learning task in two content subjects ” . In Research in reading in the content areas: First‐year report , Edited by: Herber , H. L. and Sanders , P. L. Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press .
  • Gillis , M. K. Strategies for mapping content texts . Paper based on a workshop presented by M. K. Gillis and B. Longnion, 13th Annual Meeting of the Texas State Council of the International Reading Association . Dallas. March .
  • Graves , M. F. , Cooke , C. L. and LaBerge , M. J. 1983 . Effects of previewing difficult short stories on low‐ability junior high school students’ comprehension, recall, and attitudes . Reading Research Quarterly , 18 : 262 – 276 .
  • Graves , M. F. and Prenn , M. C. Changing perspectives on research in reading/language processing and instruction . 33rd Yearbook of the National Reading Conference . Effects of previewing expository passages on junior high school students’ comprehension and attitudes , Edited by: Niles , J. A. and Harris , L. A. pp. 173 – 177 . Rochester, NY : National Reading Conference .
  • Guri‐Rosenblit , S. 1988 . Impact of diagrams on recalling sequential elements in expository texts . Reading Psychology , 9 : 121 – 139 .
  • Guri‐Rosenblit , S. 1989 . Effects of a tree diagram on students’ comprehension of main ideas in an expository text with multiple themes . Reading Research Quarterly , 24 : 236 – 247 .
  • Hartley , J. and Davies , I. K. 1976 . Preinstructional strategies: The role of pretests, behavioral objectives, overviews and advance organizers . Review of Educational Research , 46 : 239 – 265 .
  • Hawk , P. P. 1986 . Using graphic organizers to increase achievement in middle school life science . Science Education , 70 : 81 – 87 .
  • Herber , H. L. and Sanders , P. L. 1969 . Research in reading in the content areas: first year report , Syracuse University. Reading and Language Arts Center .
  • Holley , C. D. and Dansereau , D. F. 1984 . Spatial learning strategies: Techniques, applications and related issues , New York : Academic Press .
  • Huard , S. D. 1983 . The effect of graphic postorganizer training on learning from text . Dissertation Abstracts International , 44 : 477A
  • Kiewra , K. , Robinson , D. , Dubois , N. and Staley , R. Outline versus matrix representations: Memory, integration, and application effects . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . San Francisco. April .
  • Kiewra , K. A. , Dubois , N. F. , Christian , D. and McShane , A. 1988 . Providing study notes: Comparison of three types of notes for review . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 595 – 597 .
  • Kiewra , K. A. , Dubois , N. F. , Weiss , M and Schantz , S. Abstract and illustrative representations . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . San Francisco. April .
  • Kiewra , K. A. , Mayer , R. E. , Dubois , N. F. , Christensen , M. , Kim , S. and Risch , N. Test‐appropriate effects of type of advance organizer and repetition on learning from a science lecture . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Boston. April .
  • Kiewra , K. A. and Sperling , R. A. How supplemental representations affect learning from a research article . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Chicago. April .
  • Kulhavy , R. W. , Stock , W. A. , Peterson , S. E. , Pridemore , D. R. and Klein , J. D. 1992 . Using maps to retrieve text: A test of conjoint retention . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 17 : 56 – 70 .
  • Kulhavy , R. W. , Lee , B. J. and Caterino , L. C. 1985 . Conjoint retention of maps and related discourse . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 10 : 28 – 37 .
  • Lambiotte , J. G. , Dansereau , D. F. , Cross , D. R. and Reynolds , S. B. 1989 . Multirelational semantic maps . Educational Psychology Review , 1 : 331 – 367 .
  • Langer , J. A. 1986 . Learning through writing: Study skills in the content areas . Journal of Reading , 29 : 400 – 406 .
  • Larkin , J. H. and Simon , H. A. 1987 . Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words . Cognitive Science , 11 : 65 – 99 .
  • Lehman , J. D. , Carter , C. and Kahle , J. B. 1985 . Concept mapping, vee mapping, and achievement: Results of a field study with black high school students . Journal of Research on Science Teaching , 22 : 663 – 673 .
  • Loman , N. L. and Mayer , R. E. 1983 . Signaling techniques that increase the understand‐ability of expository prose . Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 : 402 – 412 .
  • Long , G. and Aldersley , S. 1984 . “ Networking: Application with hearing‐impaired students ” . In Spatial Learning Strategies , Edited by: Holley , C. D. and Dansereau , D. F. New York : Academic Press .
  • Lorch , R. F. Jr. 1989 . Text‐signaling devices and their effects on reading and memory processes . Educational Psychology Review , 1 : 209 – 234 .
  • MacDonald‐Ross , M. 1979 . Scientific diagrams and the generation of plausible hypotheses: An essay in the history of ideas . Instructional Science , 8 : 223 – 234 .
  • Mayer , R. E. 1979 . Can advance organizers influence meaningful learning? . Review of Educational Research , 49 : 371 – 383 .
  • Mayer , R. E. 1980 . Elaboration techniques that increase the meaningfulness of technical texts due to advance organizers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 : 165 – 173 .
  • Mayer , R. E. 1984 . Twenty‐five years of research on advance organizers . Instructional Science , 8 : 133 – 169 .
  • Mayer , R. E. 1985 . “ Structural analysis of science prose: Can we increase problem‐solving performance? ” . In Understanding expository prose , Edited by: Britton , B. K. and Black , J. B. 65 – 87 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Mayer , R. E. 1987 . “ Instructional variables that influence cognitive processing during reading ” . In Executive control processes in reading , Edited by: Briton , B. K. and Glynn , S. 201 – 216 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Mayer , R. E. and Bromage , B. K. 1980 . Different recall protocols for technical texts due to advance organizers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 209 – 225 .
  • Mayer , R. E. and Gallini , J. K. 1990 . When is an illustration worth ten thousand words? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 715 – 726 .
  • McGee , L. M. 1982 . Awareness of text structure: Effects on children's recall of expository text . Reading Research Quarterly , 17 : 581 – 590 .
  • Meyer , B. J. F. 1975 . The organization of prose and its effects on memory , Amsterdam : North Holland Publishing Co .
  • Meyer , B. J. F. 1977 . “ The structure of prose: Effects on learning and memory and implications for educational practice ” . In Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge , Edited by: Anderson , R. C. , Spiro , R. and Montague , W. E. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Meyer , B. J. F. , Brandt , D. M. and Bluth , G. J. 1980 . Use of top level structure in text: Key for reading comprehension for ninth grade students . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 72 – 103 .
  • Meyer , B. J. F. and Freedle , R. O. 1979 . “ Effects of discourse type on recall ” . In (Prose Learning Series Research Report No. 6.) , Tempe, AZ : Arizona State University .
  • Mirande , M. J. A. 1984 . “ Schematizing: Technique and applications ” . In Spatial Learning Strategies , Edited by: Holley , C. D. and Dansereau , D. F. New York : Academic Press .
  • Moore , D. W. and Readance , J. E. 1984 . A quantitative and qualitative review of graphic organizer research . Journal of Educational Research , 78 : 11 – 17 .
  • Murrell , P. C. Content maps and memory retrieval for main ideas from expository text . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Washington, D.C.
  • Niles , O. S. 1965 . “ Organization perceived ” . In Perspectives in reading: Developing study skills in secondary schools , Edited by: Herber , H. L. Newark, DE : International Reading Association .
  • Novak , J. D. , Gowin , D. B. and Johansen , G. T. 1983 . The use of concept mapping and knowledge vee mapping with junior high school science students . Science Education , 67 : 625 – 645 .
  • Paivio , A. 1983 . “ The empirical case for dual coding ” . In Imagery, memory and cognition , Edited by: Yuille , J. C. 310 – 332 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Pehrsson , R. S. and Denner , P. R. 1988 . Semantic organizers: Implications for reading and writing . Topography of Language and Discourse , 8 : 24 – 37 .
  • Pezdek , K. , Roman , Z. and Sobolik , K. G. 1986 . Spatial memory for objects and words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition , 12 : 530 – 537 .
  • Rice , G. E. The need for explanations in graphic organizer research . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . April , San Francisco.
  • Robinson , D. H. 1994 . “ Textbook selection: Watch out for “inconsiderate” texts ” . In Handbook of College Teaching , Edited by: Prichard , K. and Sawyer , M. 415 – 422 . Westport, CN : Greenwood .
  • Robinson , D. H. and Schraw , G. 1994 . Computational efficiency through visual argument: Do graphic organizers communicate relations in text too effectively? . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 19 : 399 – 415 .
  • Rothkopf , E. Z. 1970 . The concept of mathemagenic activities . Review of Educational Research , 40 : 325 – 326 .
  • Rothkopf , E. Z. 1971 . Incidental memory for location of information in text . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 10 : 608 – 613 .
  • Schnotz , W. 1984 . “ Comparative instructional text organization ” . In Learning and comprehension of text , Edited by: Mandl , W. , Stein , N. L. and Trabasso , T. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Simmons , D. C. , Griffin , C. C. and Kameenui , E. J. 1988 . Effects of teacher‐constructed pre‐and post‐graphic organizer instruction on sixth‐grade science students’ comprehension and recall . Journal of Educational Research , 82 : 15 – 21 .
  • Spiro , R. J. and Tirre , W. C. 1979 . Individual differences in schema utilization during discourse processing , Technical Report No. 111 University of Elinois at Urbana‐Cham‐paign, Center for the Study of Reading .
  • Stewart , A. Structure and organization in instructional text—a cognitive perspective on practice . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational communications and Technology . February , Dallas.
  • Surber , J. R. 1992 . The effect of test expectation, subject matter, and passage length on study tactics and retention . Reading Research and Instruction , 31 : 32 – 40 .
  • Swafford , J. and Alvermann , D. E. 1989 . Postsecondary research base for content strategies . Journal of Reading , 33 : 164 – 169 .
  • Taylor , B. 1979 . “ Children's and adults’ recall of general concepts and details after reading ” . In Reading research: Studies and applications , Edited by: Kamil , M. and Moe , A. Clemson, SC : National Reading Conference .
  • Tennyson , R. D. and Cocciarella , M. J. 1986 . An empirically based instructional design theory for teaching concepts . Review of Educational Research , 56 : 40 – 71 .
  • Thorndyke , P. W. and Stasz , C. 1980 . Individual differences in prodedures for knowledge acquisition from maps . Cognitive Psychology , 12 : 137 – 175 .
  • Tukey , J. W. Data‐based graphics: Visual display in the decades to come . Proceeding of the meeting of the American Statistical Association: Sequicentennial Invited Paper Sessions . Washington, D.C.. pp. 366 – 381 . American Statistical Association .
  • Vaughan , J. L. Jr. 1982 . Use of the construct procedure to foster active reading and learning . Journal of Reading , 25 : 412 – 422 .
  • Wainer , H. 1990 . Graphical visions from William Playfair to John Tukey . Statistical Science , 5 : 340 – 346 .
  • Waller , R. Understanding network diagrams . Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association . April , Los Angeles. April .
  • Waller , R. and Anderson , D. C. 1981 . Diagrams in argument: An interdisciplinary analysis , The Open University: Institute of Educational Technology .
  • Waller , R. and Whalley , P. 1987 . “ Graphically organized prose ” . In Learning and instruction: European research in an international context , Edited by: de Corte , E. 369 – 381 . Leuven, Belgium : Leuven University Press .
  • West , C. K. , Farmer , J. A. and Wolff , P. M. 1991 . Instructional design: implications from cognitive science , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Winn , W. 1988 . Recall of the pattern, sequence, and names of concepts presented in instructional diagrams . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 25 : 375 – 386 .
  • Winn , W. D. and Holliday , W. G. 1982 . “ Design principles for diagrams and charts ” . In The technology of text , Edited by: Jonassen , D. Vol. 1 , 277 – 299 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Educational Technology Publications .
  • Winn , W. D. 1990 . A theoretical framework for research on learning from graphics . International Journal of Educational Research , 14 : 553 – 564 .
  • Winn , W. D. , Li , T. and Schill , D. 1991 . Diagrams as aids to problem solving: Their role in facilitating search and computation . Educational Technology Research and Development , 39 : 17 – 29 .
  • Wittrock , M. C. 1992 . “ Knowledge acquisition and comprehension ” . In Encyclopedia of educational research , (6th Ed.) , Edited by: Alkin , M. C. 699 – 705 . New York : Macmillan .
  • Zimmer , J. W. 1985 . Text structure and retention of prose . Journal of Experimental Education , 53 : 230 – 233 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.