References

• Adam, I., Agyeiwaah, E., & Dayour, F. (2021). Decoding domestic tourism customers’ emotional responses to covid-19: A segmentation approach. Journal of China Tourism Research, 1–24. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2021.1975006
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020, August, 12). Coronavirus: World’s biggest gambling hub reopens for business. Retrieved June 25, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53732645
   Google Scholar
• Borden, T. (2020, October 9). The coronavirus outbreak has already triggered mass layoffs and furloughs. From Cirque du Soleil to General Electric, here are 11 major companies that have announced they are downsizing their workforces. Business Insider. Retrieved March 27 from https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-layoffs-furloughs-hospitality-service-travel-unemployment-2020
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, C. (2020, February 4). Macao requests casinos halt activity amid coronavirus outbreak, but experts say the pain is temporary. CNBC. Retrieved February 4 from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/04/macao-requests-casinos-halt-activity-amid-coronavirus-outbreak.html
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three dimensional model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.2307/257850
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G
   Google Scholar
• Chau, K. Y., Zheng, J., Yang, D., Shen, H., & Liu, T. (2022). Contingency approach for tourism industry:The application of China model in crisis management during the outbreak and pandemic of COVID-19. Journal of China Tourism Research, 1–22. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2022.2034698
   Google Scholar
• Choi, M., & Choi, Y. (2021). Employee perceptions of hotel CSR activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3355–3378. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0289
   Google Scholar
• Chung, C. D., Gao, L., & Leung, D. (2020). Corporate social responsibility communications on social media and consumers’ brand engagement: A case study of hotels in Hong Kong. Journal of China Tourism Research, 16(4), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2019.1643434
   Google Scholar
• Font, X., & Lynes, J. (2018). Corporate social responsibility in tourism and hospitality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(7), 1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1488856
   Google Scholar
• Fu, H., Ye, B. H., & Law, R. (2014). You do well and I do well? The behavioral consequences of corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau. (2020). Gaming Statistics. Retrieved March 20 from www.dicj.gov.mo
   Google Scholar
• He, H., & Harris, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research, 116, 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
   Google Scholar
• Hong, J. (2020). Macau casinos set to reopen Thursday after virus shutdown. Bloomberg. Retrieved March 23 from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-17/macau-casinos-allowed-to-reopen-thursday-after-virus-shutdown
   Google Scholar
• Hu, H., Yang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). Avoiding panic during pandemics: COVID-19 and tourism-related businesses. Tourism Management, 86, 104316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104316
   Google Scholar
• Huang, G., Zhong, S., Wong, I. A., & Lin, Z. (2021). Evolutionary selection for travel agencies under COVID-19 adversity through the lens of life history theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(9), 917–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.2006857
   Google Scholar
• Kang, K. H., Stein, L., Heo, C. Y., & Lee, S. (2012). Consumers’ willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Woo, E., Uysal, M., & Kwon, N. (2018). The effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee well-being in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1584–1600. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2016-0166
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, M. R. (2020, April 1). Coronavirus is putting corporate social responsibility to the test. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/04/coronavirus-is-putting-corporate-social-responsibility-to-the-test
   Google Scholar
• Lam, D. (2007). An observation study of Chinese baccarat players. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 11(2), 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-K., song, H.-J., Lee, H.-M., Lee, S., & Bernhard, B. J. (2013). The impact of CSR on casino employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical examination of responsible gambling strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 406–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.10.011
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-K., Kim, J., & Kim, J. S. (2018). Impact of a gaming company’s CSR on residents’ perceived benefits, quality of life, and support. Tourism Management, 64, 281–290 doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.002.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and COVID-19: Research implications. Tourism Economics, 135481662097813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620978136
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Z., Wong, I. A., Lin, S. K., & Yang, Y. (2021). Delivering warmth and expediting love: Just-in-time CSR in the midst of COVID-19 mega disruption. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), 4334–4354. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2021-0678
   Google Scholar
• Mahtani, S., & Cheung, R. (2020, February 14). Macao gambled on a costly casino Shutdown. It may emerge a winner from coronavirus. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 11 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/macao-gambled-on-a-costly-casino-shutdown-it-may-emerge-a-winner-from-coronavirus/2020/02/14/df244ee0-48ca-11ea-8a1f-de1597be6cbc_story.html
   Google Scholar
• McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4011987
   Google Scholar
• Melissen, F., Cavagnaro, E., Damen, M., & Düweke, A. (2016). Is the hotel industry prepared to face the challenge of sustainable development? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766715618997
   Google Scholar
• Ou, J., Wong, I. A., & Huang, G. I. (2021). The coevolutionary process of restaurant CSR in the time of mega disruption. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102684
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, C., Wong, I. A., & Lam, D. (2017). Uncovering the service profit chain in the casino industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(11), 2826–2846. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2016-0089
   Google Scholar
• Rhou, Y., & Singal, M. (2020). A review of the business case for CSR in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 84, 102330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102330
   Google Scholar
• Ritter, K. (2020, March 21). Las Vegas mayor, Nevada governor Spar over casino closures. U.S. News. Retrieved March 23 from https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/nevada/articles/2020-03-21/las-vegas-mayor-nevada-governor-spar-over-casino-closures
   Google Scholar
• Shin, H., Sharma, A., Nicolau, J. L., & Kang, J. (2021). The impact of hotel CSR for strategic philanthropy on booking behavior and hotel performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Management, 85, 104322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104322
   Google Scholar
• Wong, I. A., & Wu, J. S. (2013). Understanding casino experiential attributes: An application to market positioning. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.06.009
   Google Scholar
• Wong, I. A., & Gao, J. H. (2014). Exploring the direct and indirect effects of CSR on organizational commitment: The mediating role of corporate culture. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(4), 500–525. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2013-0225
   Google Scholar
• Yang, F. X., & Wong, I. A. (2021). The social crisis aftermath: Tourist well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(6), 859–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1843047
   Google Scholar