References
- Agarwal A, et al. 2002. Effect of Tinospora cardifolia on learning and memory in normal and memory deficit rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 34(5):339–349.
- Alsuhaibani S, Khan MA. 2017. Immune-stimulatory and therapeutic activity of Tinospora cordifolia: Double-edged sword against salmonellosis. J Immunol Res. 2017:1787803. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1787803.
- Aranha I, Clement F, Venkatesh YP. 2012. Immunostimulatory properties of the major protein from the stem of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb, guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia). J Ethnopharmacol. 139(2):366–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.013.
- Badar VA, Thawani VR, Wakode PT, Shrivastava MP, Gharpure KJ, Hingorani LL, Khiyani RM. 2005. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic rhinitis. J Ethnopharmacol. 96(3):445–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.034.
- Bahadur S, Mukherjee PK, Milan Ahmmed SK, Kar A, Harwansh RK, Pandit S. 2016. Metabolism-mediated interaction potential of standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia through rat and human liver microsomes. Indian J Pharmacol. 48(5):576–581. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.190758.
- Bairy KL, et al. 2004. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia on learning and memory in healthy volunteers: A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Iran J Pharmacol Ther. 3(2):57–50.,
- Bala M, Pratap K, Verma PK, Singh B, Padwad Y. 2015. Validation of ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC. J Ethnopharmacol. 175:131–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.001.
- Bala M, Verma PK, Awasthi S, Kumar N, Lal B, Singh B. 2015. Chemical prospection of important ayurvedic plant Tinospora cordifolia by UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and NMR. Nat Prod Commun. 10(1):43–48.
- Bao X, Wang Z, Fang J, Li X. 2002. Structural features of an immunostimulating and antioxidant acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Planta Med. 68(3):237–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-23133.
- Bisset NG, Nwaiwu J. 1983. Quaternary alkaloids of tinospora species. Planta Med. 48(8):275–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969933.
- Bonvicini F, Mandrone M, Antognoni F, Poli F, Gentilomi GA. 2014. Ethanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia and Alstonia scholaris show antimicrobial activity towards clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Nat Prod Res. 28(18):1438–1445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.909421.
- Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, Zuberbier T, Baena-Cagnani CE, Canonica GW, Van Weel C, et al. 2008. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 63(Suppl 86):8–160., doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x.
- Brown GD, Gordon S. 2003. Fungal beta-glucans and mammalian immunity. Immunity. 19(3):311–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00233-4.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. ( 2016). Atlanta: Department of Health and Human Services. Sepsis: data & reports; 2016 Aug 23 [cited 2020 July 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/datareports/index.html.
- Chandrasekaran CV, Mathuram LN, Daivasigamani P, Bhatnagar U. 2009. Tinospora cordifolia, a safety evaluation. Toxicol in Vitro. 23(7):1220–1226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.030.
- Chi S, She G, Han D, Wang W, Liu Z, Liu B. 2016. Genus Tinospora: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016:9232593–9232593. 2016. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9232593.
- Chintalwar G, Jain A, Sipahimalani A, Banerji A, Sumariwalla P, Ramakrishnan R, Sainis K. 1999. An immunologically active arabinogalactan from Tinospora cordifolia. Phytochemistry. 52(6):1089–1093. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00386-6.
- Dahanukar SA, Thatte UM, Pai N, More PB, Karandikar SM. 1988. Immunotherapeutic modification by Tinospora cordifolia of abdominal sepsis induced by caecal ligation in rats. Indian J Gastroenterol. 7(1):21–23.
- Desai VR, Ramkrishnan R, Chintalwar GJ, Sainis KB. 2007. G1-4A, an immunomodulatory polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, modulates macrophage responses and protects mice against lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxic shock. Int Immunopharmacol. 7(10):1375–1386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2007.06.004.
- Gantner BN, Simmons RM, Canavera SJ, Akira S, Underhill DM. 2003. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med. 197(9):1107–1117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021787.
- Gupta A, Raj H, Karchuli MS, Upmanyu N. 2013. Comparative evaluation of ethanolic extracts of Bacopa monnieri, Evolvulus alsinoides, Tinospora cordifolia and their combinations on cognitive functions in rats. Curr Aging Sci. 6(3):239–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/18746098112059990036.
- Gupta PK, Chakraborty P, Kumar S, Singh PK, Rajan MGR, Sainis KB, Kulkarni S. 2016. G1-4A, a Polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia Inhibits the Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Modulating Host Immune Responses in TLR4 Dependent Manner. PLOS One. 11(5):e0154725 doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154725.
- Gupta PK, Rajan MGR, Kulkarni S. 2017. Activation of murine macrophages by G1-4A, a polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, in TLR4/MyD88 dependent manner. Int Immunopharmacol. 50:168–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.025.
- Ilaiyaraja N, Khanum F. 2011. Antioxidant Potential of Tinospora cordifolia Extracts and their Protective Effect on Oxidation of Biomolecules. Pharmacognosy J. 3(20):56–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.20.11.
- Jahfar M, Azadi P. 2004. Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia. II. Glycosyl linkages. Acta Pharm. 54(1):73–78.
- Jahfar M. 2003. Studies on a water soluble polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia. Asian J Chem. 15(3):1549.
- Kapil A, Sharma S. 1997. Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 58(2):89–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00086-X.
- Karkal Y, Bairy LK. Safety of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) in healthy volunteers: a double blind randomised placebo controlled study. 2007.
- Kaushik A, Husain A, Awasthi H, Singh D, Khan R, Mani D. 2017. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Swaras and Hima Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhavia diffusa in Swiss albino Mice. Phcog Mag. 13(51):658. S662. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_448_16.
- Kavitha BT, Shruthi SD, Rai SP, Ramachandra YL. 2011. Phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective properties of Tinospora cordifolia against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2(3):139–142.
- Khan MI. 2011. Pigment identification, antioxidant activity, and nutrient composition of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Miers ex Hook. f & Thoms fruit. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 62(3):239–249.
- Kosaraju J, Chinni S, Roy PD, Kannan E, Antony AS, Kumar MNS. 2014. Neuroprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia ethanol extract on 6-hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinsonism. Indian J Pharmacol. 46(2):176–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.129312.
- Manjrekar P, Jolly C, Narayanan S. 2000. Comparative studies of the immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis. Fitoterapia. 71(3):254–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00167-7.
- Maurya R, Dhar KL, Handa SS. 1997. A sesquiterpene glucoside from Tinospora cordifolia. Phytochemistry. 44(4):749–750. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00564-X.
- Maurya R, Handa SS. 1998. Tinocordifolin, a sesquiterpene from Tinospora cordifolia. Phytochemistry. 49(5):1343–1345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00093-4.
- Maurya R, Wazir V, Kapil A, Kapil RS. 1996. Cordifoliosides A and B, two new phenylpropene disaccharides from Tinospora cordifolia possessing immunostimulant activity. Natural Product Letters. 8(1):7–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608043231.
- Maurya R, Wazir V, Tyagi A, Kapil RS. 1995. Clerodane diterpenoids from Tinospora cordifolia. Phytochemistry. 38(3):659–661. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00686-N.
- Mishra R, Kaur G. 2013. Aqueous ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia as a potential candidate for differentiation based therapy of glioblastomas. PLoS One. 8(10):e78764 doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078764.
- Mohan MC, Abhimannue AP, Kumar B P. 2017. Identification and characterization of Berberine in tinospora cordifolia by liquid chromatography Quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS q-tof) and evaluation of its anti inflammatory potential. PJ. 9(3):350–355. doi:https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.3.59.
- Nair PKR, Melnick SJ, Ramachandran R, Escalon E, Ramachandran C. 2006. Mechanism of macrophage activation by (1,4)-alpha-D-glucan isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol. 6(12):1815–1824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2006.07.028.
- Nair PKR, Rodriguez S, Ramachandran R, Alamo A, Melnick SJ, Escalon E, Garcia PI, Wnuk SF, Ramachandran C. 2004. Immune stimulating properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol. 4(13):1645–1659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.024.
- Palmieri A, Scapoli L, Iapichino A, Mercolini L, Mandrone M, Poli F, Giannì AB, Baserga C, Martinelli M. 2019. Berberine and Tinospora cordifolia exert a potential anticancer effect on colon cancer cells by acting on specific pathways. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 33:2058738419855567–2058738419855567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2058738419855567.
- Pan L, Terrazas C, Lezama-Davila CM, Rege N, Gallucci JC, Satoskar AR, Kinghorn AD. 2012. Cordifolide A, a sulfur-containing clerodane diterpene glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia. Org Lett. 14(8):2118–2121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ol300657h.
- Patel MB, Mishra SM. 2012. Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits α-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats. J Funct Foods. 4(1):79–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2011.08.002.
- Phan VK, Chau VM, Nguyen TD, La VK, Dan TH, Nguyen HN, Nguyen XC, Hoang TH, Trinh VL. 2010. Aporphine alkaloids, clerodane diterpenes, and other constituents from Tinospora cordifolia. Fitoterapia. 81(6):485–489. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.01.005.
- Purandare H, Supe A. 2007. Immunomodulatory role of Tinospora cordifolia as an adjuvant in surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized controlled study. Indian J Med Sci. 61(6):347–355. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5359.32682.
- Raghu R, Sharma D, Ramakrishnan R, Khanam S, Chintalwar GJ, Sainis KB. 2009. Molecular events in the activation of B cells and macrophages by a non-microbial TLR4 agonist, G1-4A from Tinospora cordifolia. Immunol Lett. 123(1):60–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2009.02.005.
- Rege N, et al. 1993. Immunotherapy with Tinospora cordifolia: a new lead in the management of obstructive jaundice. Indian J Gastroenterol Off J Indian Soc Gastroenterol. 12(1):5–8.,
- Rege NN, Nazareth HM, Bapat RD, Dahanukar SA. 1989. Modulation of immunosuppression in obstructive jaundice by Tinospora cordifolia. Indian J Med Res. 90:478–483.
- Rege NN, Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA. 1999. Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytother Res. 13(4):275–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4<275::AID-PTR510>3.0.CO;2-S.
- Roja G, Bhangale AS, Juvekar AR, Eapen S, D'Souza SF. 2005. Enhanced production of the polysaccharide arabinogalactan using immobilized cultures of Tinospora cordifolia by elicitation and in situ adsorption. Biotechnol Prog. 21(6):1688–1691. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/bp050188w.
- Sahu R, Ahmed T, Sangana R, Punde R, Subudhi BB. 2018. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia aqua-alcoholic extract on pharmacokinetic of Glibenclamide in rat: An herb-drug interaction study. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 151:310–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.010.
- Salve BA, Tripathi RK, Petare AU, Raut AA, Rege NN. 2015. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on physical and cardiovascular performance induced by physical stress in healthy human volunteers. Ayu. 36(3):265–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.182751.
- Sangsuwan C, Udompanthurak S, Vannasaeng S, Thamlikitkul V. 2004. Randomized controlled trial of Tinospora crispa for additional therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai. 87(5):543–546.
- Sengupta M, Sharma GD, Chakraborty B. 2011. Effect of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia on functions of peritoneal macrophages isolated from CCl4 intoxicated male albino mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 11:102 doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-102.
- Shaaban R, Zureik M, Soussan D, Neukirch C, Heinrich J, Sunyer J, Wjst M, Cerveri I, Pin I, Bousquet J, et al. 2008. Rhinitis and onset of asthma: a longitudinal population-based study. Lancet. 372(9643):1049–1057., doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61446-4.
- Sharif AA, Unyah NZ, Nordin N, Basir R, Wana MN, Alapid Ahmad A, Mustapha T, Majid RA. 2019. Susceptibility of Toxoplasma gondii to Ethanolic Extract of Tinospora crispa in Vero Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019:2916547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2916547.
- Sharma A, Kalotra S, Bajaj P, Singh H, Kaur G. 2020. Butanol Extract of Tinospora cordifolia Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Associated with Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity: A Mechanistic Study Using Hippocampal Neurons. Neuromol Med. 22(1):81–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-019-08566-2.
- Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N, Singh B, Munshi RK, Bhalerao S. 2012. Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 141(3):918–926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.027.
- Sharma U, Bhandari P, Kumar N, Singh B. 2010. Simultaneous determination of ten sugars in Tinospora cordifolia by ultrasonic assisted extraction and LC-ELSD. Chroma. 71(7-8):633–638. doi:https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-010-1520-2.
- Singh G, Saxena R. 2017. Medicinal Properties of Tinospora Cordifolia (Guduchi). International J Adv Res. 3(6):227–231. Ideas and Innovations in Technology.
- Srinivasan GV, Unnikrishnan KP, Rema Shree AB, Balachandran I. 2008. HPLC Estimation of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis. Indian J Pharm Sci. 70(1):96–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.40341.
- Thatte UM, Kulkarni MR, Dahanukar SA. 1992. Immunotherapeutic modification of Escherichia coli peritonitis and bacteremia by Tinospora cordifolia. J Postgrad Med. 38(1):13–15.
- Thattet UM, Dahanukar SA. 1989. Immunotherapeutic modification of experimental infections by Indian medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 3(2):43–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650030202.
- Thippeswamy G, Salimath BP. 2007. Induction of caspase-3 activated DNase mediated apoptosis by hexane fraction of Tinospora cordifolia in EAT cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 23(2):212–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2006.10.004.
- Thomas A, Rajesh EK, Kumar DS. 2016. The Significance of Tinospora crispa in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Phytother Res. 30(3):357–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5559.
- Upadhyay AK, Kumar K, Kumar A, Mishra HS. 2010. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) - validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies . Int J Ayurveda Res. 1(2):112–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.64405.
- Venkata Rao E, Venkateswara Rao M. 1981. Studies on the polysaccharide preparation (Guduchisatwa) derived from Tinospora cordifolia. Indian J Pharmaceutical Sci. 43(3):103–106.
- Wang X-S, Dong Q, Zuo J-P, Fang J-N. 2003. Structure and potential immunological activity of a pectin from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Carbohydr Res. 338(22):2393–2402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(03)00380-X.