References
- Adebanwi, W., 2008. The cult of Awo: the political life of a dead leader. The journal of modern African studies, 46 (3), 335–360. doi:10.1017/S0022278X08003339
- Adebayo, S., 2019. This uprising will bring out the beast in us: the cultural (after)life of ‘beasts of no nations’. Journal of African cultural studies. doi:10.1080/13696815.2019.1664284
- Adedeji, W., 2014. Negotiating globalization through hybridization: hip hop, language use and the creation of crossover culture in Nigerian popular music. Language in India, 14 (6), 497–515.
- Adegoju, A., 2009. The musician as archivist: an example of Nigeria’s Lagbaja. Itupanle: Online Journal of African Studies, 1, 1–23.
- Adegoke, Y. 2018. Grime, afro-bashment, drill … how Black British music became more fertile than ever. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/01/grime-afro-bashment-drill-how-black-british-music-became-more-fertile-than-ever [Accessed 7 June 2020].
- Adeniyi, E., 2020. Nigerian afrobeats and religious stereotypes: pushing the boundaries of a music genre beyond the locus of libertinism. Contemporary music review, 39 (1), 59–90. doi:10.1080/07494467.2020.1753475
- Akande, S. 2019. Naira Marley might know exactly what he’s doing. Available from: https://www.zikoko.com/pop/naira-marley-ijo-soapy-menace/ [Accessed 13 June 2020].
- Akingbe, N. and Onanuga, P.A., 2020. Voicing protest’: performing cross-cultural revolt in Gambino’s ‘This is America’ and Falz’s ‘This is Nigeria. Contemporary music review, 39 (1), 6–36. doi:10.1080/07494467.2020.1753473
- Avdeeff, M., 2016. Beyoncé and social media: authenticity and the presentation of self. In: A. Trier-Bieniek, ed. The Beyoncé effect: essays on sexuality, race and feminism. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 109–123.
- Bryant, C.D. and Craig, F.J., 2012. The complexity of deviant lifestyles. Deviant behavior, 33 (7), 525–549. doi:10.1080/01639625.2011.636694
- Cheeka, D. 2020. Naira Marley: zeitgeist or poltergeist? Available from: http://www.lagosfilmsociety.org/2020/01/28/naira-marley-zeitgeist-or-poltergeist/ [Accessed 5 June 2020].
- Cohen, D.J., 2016. Rock as religion. Intermountain West journal of religious studies, 7 (1–3), 45–49.
- Diala-Ogamba, B., 2007. Music as social poetry: a critical evaluation of Fela Anikulapo Kuti’s afrobeat lyrics. The Langston Hughes review, 21, 30–38.
- Dogan, M., 2007. Comparing two charismatic leaders: Ataturk and de Gaulle. Comparative sociology, 6, 75–84. doi:10.1163/156913307X187405
- Dosunmu, O. 2011. Afrobeat, Fela and beyond: scenes, style and ideology. PhD diss. University of Pittsburgh.
- Dyer, R., 1986. Heavenly bodies: film stars and society. London: Macmillan Education.
- Emielu, A. and Donkor, G.T., 2019. Highlife music without alcohol? Interrogating the concept of gospel highlife in Ghana and Nigeria. Journal of the musical arts in Africa, 16 (1–2), 29–44. doi:10.2989/18121004.2019.1690205
- Endong, F.P.C., 2016. Illicit content in the Nigerian hip-hop: a probe into the credibility of music censorship in Nigeria. International journal of journalism and communication, 1 (2), 29–35.
- Etnofoor, S., 1999. Editorial: personality cults. Etnofoor, 12 (2), 3–5.
- Eze, U.S., 2020. Sexism and powerplay in the Nigerian contemporary hip hop culture: the music of Wizkid. Contemporary music review, 39 (1), 167–185. doi:10.1080/07494467.2020.1753479
- Ferencz, K. 2011. ‘I’m your biggest fan, I’ll follow you … ’ Lady Gaga, little monsters and the religious dimension of fandom in pop music. Unpublished Master’s diss. Brock University, St. Catharine’s, ON.
- Fiske, J., 1992. The cultural economy of fandom. In: L.A. Lewis, ed. The adoring audience: fan culture and popular media. London: Routledge, 30–49.
- Forchu, I.I., 2015. Nigerian hip hop musicians: professionals maligning the wing of the bird. Journal of the association of Nigerian musicologists, 9, 107–112.
- Forchu, I.I., 2020. Rhythmic idioms in Igbo hip hop music: the exemplar that is Phyno. Journal of the musical arts in Africa, 17 (1–2), 19–40. doi:10.2989/18121004.2020.1851458
- Frith, S., 1996. Performing rites: on the value of popular music. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Gbogi, M.T., 2016. Language, identity, and urban youth subculture: Nigerian hip hop music as an exemplar. Pragmatics, 26 (2), 171–195. doi:10.1075/prag.26.2.01tos
- Goodwin, A., 1992. Dancing in the distraction factory: music television and popular culture. Minnesota, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Grass, R., 1986. Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: the art of an afrobeat rebel. The drama review, 30 (1), 131–148. doi:10.2307/1145717
- Gray, J., Cornel, S., and Harrington, C.L., 2007. Fandom: identities and communities in a mediated world. New York: New York University Press.
- Hancox, D. 2017. London’s new cool: how UK afrobeats could take over the world. Available from: https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/london-s-new-cool-how-uk-afrobeats-could-take-over-the-world-1.69520 [Accessed 7 June 2020].
- Hills, M., 2007. Michael Jackson fans on trial? ‘Documenting’ emotivism and fandom in. Wacko about Jacko. Social semiotics, 17 (4), 459–477. doi:10.1080/10350330701637056
- Hollander, P., 2010. Michael Jackson, the celebrity cult, and popular culture. Culture and society, 47, 147–152.
- Holmes, S. and Redmond, S., 2006. Framing celebrity: new directions in celebrity culture. London: Routledge.
- Jancovich, M., 2002. Cult fictions: cult movies, subcultural capital and the production of cultural distinctions. Cultural Studies, 16 (2), 306–322. doi:10.1080/09502380110107607
- Jenkins, H., 2005. Textual poachers: television fans and participatory culture. New and London: Routledge.
- Klimo, A., et al., 2004. ‘A very modest man’: Béla Illés, or how to make a career through the leader cult. In: B. Apor, ed. The leader cult in communist dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 47–62.
- Kotarba, J.A. and Vannini, P., 2009. Understanding society through popular music. New York: Routledge.
- Level, R. 2019. Sex sells: how to get more girls, views and fans. Available from: https://www.smartrapper.com/sex-sells/ [Accessed 20 July 2020].
- Loy, S., et al., 2018. Popular music, stars and stardom: definitions, discourses and interpretations. In: S. Loy, ed. Popular music, stars and stardom. Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press, 1–20.
- Lu, X. and Soboleva, E. 2014. Personality cults in modern politics: cases from Russia and China. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Global Politics, CGP Working Paper Series, 01/2014. Available from: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-441460 [Accessed 13 May 2020].
- Lynch, G., 2006. The role of popular music in the construction of alternative spiritual identities and ideologies. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 45 (4), 481–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00322.x
- Marsh, C. and Vaughan, S.R., 2017. Religion and western popular music: reach out and touch faith? Modern believing, 58 (1), 17–27. doi:10.3828/mb.2017.3
- Marwick, A. and Boyd, D., 2011. To see and be seen: celebrity practice on twitter. Convergence: the international journal of research into new media technologies, 17 (2), 139–158. doi:10.1177/1354856510394539
- McLeod, N. and Herndon, M., 1980. Conclusion. In: N. McLeod and M. Herndon, eds. The ethnography of musical performance. Norwood, PA: Norwood Editions, 176–199.
- Njoku, B., 2020. Nigeria: Naira Marley soaring amidst controversies. Available from: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/naira-marley-soaring-amidst-controversies/ [Accessed 14 June 2020].
- Odugbemi, G., 2019. Naira Marley versus economic and financial crimes commission: the extent of freedom of expression in Nigeria, and the EFCC’s inefficiencies–a legal opinion. Available from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3389976 [Accessed 4 March 2020].
- Oikelome, O.A., 2013. Are real women just bad porn? Women in Nigerian hip-hop culture. Journal of Pan African Studies, 5 (9), 83–98.
- Onanuga, A.P., 2020. When hip-hop meets CMC: digital discourse in Nigerian hip-hop. Continuum, 34 (4), 590–600. doi:10.1080/10304312.2020.1757038
- Onanuga, A.P. and Onanuga, O.A., 2020. Violence, sexuality and youth linguistic behavior: an exploration of contemporary Nigerian youth music. Contemporary music review, 39 (1), 137–166. doi:10.1080/07494467.2020.1753478
- Onogu, W. and Damian, A., 2015. Contemporary music and dance in Nigeria: morality question. Research on humanities and social sciences, 5 (20), 82–90.
- Onwuegbuna, E.I., 2016. Operational arrangement of rhythm in Nigerian reggae songs. Nsukka Journal of the Humanities, 24 (2), 106–120.
- Onyeji, C., 2005. The impact of multimedia on popular music in Nigeria. Muziki, 2 (1), 21–25. doi:10.1080/18125980508538770
- Onyekwelu, C. 2020. Nigerian music, copyright and distribution in the internet era. Unpublished Master’s diss. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
- Osiebe, G., 2019. The audacity of the Naira. The Naked Convos. Available from: https://thenakedconvos.com/the-audacity-of-the-naira [Accessed 15 July 2020].
- Osiebe, G., 2020. Methods in performing Fela in contemporary afrobeats, 2009–2019. African studies, 79 (1), 88–109. doi:10.1080/00020184.2020.1750349
- Oyeleye, L.A. and Gbadegesin, O.V., 2020. Multimodal construction of stardom in music reality shows: MTN project fame West Africa in perspective. Contemporary music review, 39 (1), 91–116. doi:10.1080/07494467.2020.1753476
- Partridge, C., 2005. The re-enchantment of the West Vol. 2: alternative spiritualities, sacralization, popular culture and occulture. London: Continuum.
- Pinto, C.A. and Larsen, U.S., 2006. Conclusion: fascism, dictators and charisma. Politics, religion and ideology, 7 (2), 251–257.
- Pisch, A., 2016. The phenomenon of the personality cult: a historical perspective. In: A. Pisch, ed.The personality cult of Stalin in Soviet posters, 1929–1953: archetypes, inventions, and fabrications. Acton, Australia: ANU Press, 49–86.
- Popoola, O.R., 2020. ‘I thought she was ordinary, I only saw her body’: sex and celebrity advocacy in Nigerian popular culture. Journal of African cultural studies, 1–15. doi:10.1080/13696815.2020.1762169
- Shonekan, S., 2011. Sharing hip-hop cultures: the case of Nigerians and African Americans. American behavioural scientist, 55 (1), 9–23. doi:10.1177/0002764210381726
- Shuker, R., 2012. Popular music culture: the key concepts. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
- Shuker, R., 2016. Understanding popular music culture. London: Routledge.
- Speier, H., 1977. The truth in hell: Maurice Jolly on modern despotism. Polity, 10 (1), 18–32. doi:10.2307/3234235
- Stout, A.D., 2003. Robyn Sylvan: traces of the spirit: the religious dimensions of popular music.’. Journal of media and religion, 2 (1), 65–67. doi:10.1207/S15328415JMR0201_5
- Sylvan, R., 2002. Traces of the spirit: the religious dimensions of popular music. New York: New York University Press.
- Sylvanus, P.E., 2013. Performing locale in Nigerian rap music: the forces of intertextuality and appropriation. Ikenga: international journal of the institute of African studies, 15 (1), 1–17.
- Sylvanus, P.E., 2018. Popular music and genre in mainstream Nollywood: introduction. Journal of popular music studies, 30 (3), 99–114. doi:10.1525/jpms.2018.200005
- Sylvanus, P.E., 2020a. Reflections on Nigerian musical arts and culture. Journal of the musicals arts in Africa, 17 (1–2), viii–x. doi:10.2989/18121004.2020.1851126
- Sylvanus, P.E., 2020b. The relevance of music to African commuting practices: the Nigerian experience. Contemporary music review, 39 (1), 37–58. doi:10.1080/07494467.2020.1753474
- Taylor, J., 2006. The production of the Chiang Kai-shek personality cult, 1929–1975. The China quarterly, 185, 96–110. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000063
- Till, R., 2010a. Pop cult: religion and popular music. New York: Continuum.
- Till, R., 2010b. Pop stars and idolatry: an investigation of the worship of popular music icons, and the music and cult of Prince. Journal of beliefs & values: studies in religion & education, 31 (1), 69–80. doi:10.1080/13617671003666761
- Titus, S.O., 2017. From social media space to sound space: protest songs during occupy Nigeria fuel subsidy removal. Muziki, 17 (2), 109–128. doi:10.1080/18125980.2016.1249163
- Toynbee, J., 2000. Making popular music: musicians, creativity and institutions. London: Oxford University Press.
- Veal, M., 2000. Fela: the life and times of an African musical icon. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Tracks
- Am I A Yahoo Boy. 2019. Naira Marley ft. Zlatan. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvBZk4a871I [Accessed 2 July 2020].
- Issa Goal. 2017. Naira Marley ft. Olamide & Lil Kesh. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d_q-fxwbCg [Accessed 24 July 2020].
- Mafo. 2019. Naira Marley ft. Young John. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nhO6b1XD2s [Accessed 5 June 2020].
- Maga Don Pay. 2008. Kelly handsome. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0N_eFUUslM [Accessed 20 July 2020].
- Puta. 2019. Naira Marley. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmdVFsUVPfk [Accessed 10 June 2020].
- Tesumole. 2019. Naira Marley. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-f24T4gfr8 [Accessed 24 July 2020].
- Yahooze. 2007. Olu Maintain. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MW7kcZnaiA [Accessed 20 July 2020].