References
- Abang A, Kouame C, Abang M, Hannah R, Fotso A, Author C. 2013. Vegetable growers perception of pesticide use practices, cost, and health effects in the tropical region of Cameroon. Int J Agron Plant Prod. 4(5):873–883. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/76441.
- Aktar W, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. 2009. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2(1):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7.
- Algharibeh GR, AlFararjeh MS. 2019. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Jordan using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam B Surveill. 12(1):65–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2018.1548505.
- Anastassiades M, Lehotay SJ, Štajnbaher D, Schenck FJ. 2003. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. J AOAC Int. 86(2):412–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00110a037.
- AOAC. 2007. Official method 2007.01: pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate. J AOAC Int. 90(2):17–26.
- Baer KN. 2005. Methamidophos. In: Encyclopedia of toxicology. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier Inc.; p. 51–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369400-0/00601-3
- Baliyan SP, Kgathi DL. 2009. Production and marketing problems in small scale horticultural farming in Botswana. Acta Hortic. 831(831):31–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.831.3.
- Bempah CK, Buah-kwofie A, Osei-tutu A, Denutsui D, Bentil N. 2011. Assessing potential dietary intake of heavy metals in some selected fruits and vegetables from Ghanaian markets. Elixir Pollutn. 39:4921–4926.
- Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, Ellinger S, Haller D, Kroke A, Leschik-Bonnet E, Müller MJ, Oberritter H, Schulze M, et al. 2012. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr. 51(6):637–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y.
- Bolor VK, Boadi NO, Borquaye LS, Afful S. 2018. Human risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. J Chem. 2018:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3269065
- Boobis AR, Ossendorp BC, Banasiak U, Hamey PY, Sebestyen I, Moretto A. 2008. Cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues in food. Toxicol Lett. 180(2):137–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.004.
- Bouagga A, Chaabane H, Toumi K, Mougou Hamdane A, Nasraoui B, Joly L. 2019. Pesticide residues in Tunisian table grapes and associated risk for consumer’s health. Food Addit Contam B Surveill. 12(2):135–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2019.1571532.
- Cedergreen N. 2014. Quantifying synergy: a systematic review of mixture toxicity studies within environmental toxicology. PLoS ONE. 9(5):e96580. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096580.
- Cheema AA, Shah FH. 1987. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. PAK J SCI IND RES. 30(7):511–512. doi:https://doi.org/10.5772/13440.
- Elgueta S, Fuentes M, Valenzuela M, Zhao G, Liu S, Lu H, Correa A. 2019. Pesticide residues in ready-to-eat leafy vegetables from markets of Santiago, Chile, and consumer’s risk. Food Addit Contam B Surveill. 1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2019.1625975
- El-Saeid MH, Selim MT. 2013. Multiresidue analysis of 86 pesticides using gas chromatography mass spectrometry: II-nonleafy vegetables. J Chem. 5(3):248–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/727149.
- European Commission. (2017). Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticides residues analysis in food and feed. SANTE/11813/2017. European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, 1–46. [accessed 2017 November 27]. 10.13140/RG.2.2.33021.77283
- Fødevaredirektoratet. (2003). Combined actions and interactions of chemicals in mixtures. The toxicological effects of exposure to mixtures of industrial and environmental chemicals. In In : FödevareRapport (pp. 1–158).
- Fothergill A, Abdelghani A. 2013. A review of pesticide residue levels and their related health exposure risks. WIT Trans Ecol Environ. 170:195–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.2495/FENV130181
- Gondo TT, Obuseng VC, Mmualefe LC, Okatch H. 2016. Employing solid phase microextraction as extraction tool for pesticide residues in traditional medicinal plants. J Anal Methods Chem. 2016:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2890219
- Grewal AS, Singla A, Kamboj P, Dua JS. 2017. Pesticide residues in food grains, vegetables and fruits: a hazard to human health. J Med Chem Toxicol. 2(1):40–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.15436/2575-808x.17.1355.
- Hanafi A, Elsheshetawy HE, Faied SF. 2016. Reduction of pesticides residues on okra fruits by different processing treatments. Journal für Verbraucherschutz Und Lebensmittelsicherheit. 11(4):337–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-016-1054-0.
- He Z, Chen S, Wang L, Peng Y, Luo M, Wang W, Liu X. 2015. Multiresidue analysis of 213 pesticides in leek and garlic using QuEChERS-based method and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 407(9):2637–2643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8485-9.
- He Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Peng Y, Wang W, Liu X. 2017. Determination of 255 pesticides in edible vegetable oils using QuEChERS method and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 409(4):1017–1030. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0016-9.
- Hou B, Wu L. 2010. Safety impact and farmer awareness of pesticide residues. Food Agric Immunol. 21(3):191–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2010.484858.
- Jallow MFA, Awadh DG, Albaho MS, Devi VY, Ahmad N. 2017. Monitoring of pesticide residues in commonly used fruits and vegetables in Kuwait. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 14(8). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080833.
- Keikotlhaile BM, Spanoghe P, Steurbaut W. 2010. Effects of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: a meta-analysis approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 48(1):1–6. Elsevier Ltd. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.031.
- Krol WJ, Arsenault T, Mattina MJI 2001. Pesticide residues in produce sold in connecticut 2000. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
- Kudsk P, Andersen HR, Cedergreen N, Streibig JC, Mathiassen SK, Mohlenberg F , Vinggaard AM. 2006. Combination effects of pesticides. Aarhus Universitet, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, pp. 497–498, Plantelogres 2006, Herning, Dernmark, 10/01/2006.
- Laetz CA, Baldwin DH, Collier TK, Hebert V, Stark JD, Scholz NL. 2009. The synergistic toxicity of pesticide mixtures: implications for risk assessment and the conservation of endangered Pacific salmon. Environ Health Perspect. 117(3):348–353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800096.
- LGC. 2017a. Food chemistry (QFCS) (Vol. 1, Issue 17 November).
- LGC. 2017b. Food chemistry (QFCS) (Vol. 1, Issue 25 July).
- LGC. 2018a. Food chemistry (QFCS) report round : 266 group : additives and contaminants (Vol. 1, Issue 20 July).
- LGC. (2018b). Food chemistry (QFCS) report round : 270 group : pesticides (Vol. 1, Issue 16 November).
- Li Y, Jiao B, Zhao Q, Wang C, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Chen W. 2012. Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in orange products. Eur Food Res Technol. 234(3):449–456. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-1651-1.
- Lyczkowski E (2006). The effects of the 2006 spraying of Deltamethrin for tsetse control on aquatic macro-invertebrates in the Kwando/Linyanti river system, Botswana. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. [accessed 2019 August 12]. http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/268
- Ma F, Zhu Y, Wu B, Zhang Q, Xu D, Xu J, Wang B, Gu Q, Li F. 2019. Degradation of DDTs in thermal desorption off-gas by pulsed corona discharge plasma. Chemosphere. 233:913–919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.292
- Mabaso MLH, Sharp B, Lengeler C. 2004. Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house-spraying. Trop Med Int Health. 9(8):846–856. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01263.x.
- Mbongwe B, Legrand M, Blais JM, Kimpe LE, Ridal JJ, Lean DRS. 2003. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in the aquatic ecosystem of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, South Africa. Environ Toxicol Chem. 22(1):7–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220102.
- Mmualefe LC, Torto N, Huntsman-Mapila P, Mbongwe B. 2008. Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides in sediment from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Water SA. 34(3):405–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i3.180635
- Mmualefe LC, Torto N, Huntsman-Mapila P, Mbongwe B. 2009. Headspace solid phase microextraction in the determination of pesticides in water samples from the Okavango Delta with gas chromatography-electron capture detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Microchem J. 91(2):239–244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.12.005.
- Mutengwe MT, Chidamba L, Korsten L. 2016a. Pesticide residue monitoring on South African fresh produce exported over a 6-year period. J Food Prot. 79(10):1759–1766. doi:https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-022.
- Mutengwe MT, Chidamba L, Korsten L. 2016b. Monitoring pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables at two of the biggest fresh produce markets in Africa. J Food Prot. 79(11):1938–1945. doi:https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-190.
- Mwanja M, Jacobs C, Mbewe AR, Munyinda NS. 2017. Assessment of pesticide residue levels among locally produced fruits and vegetables in Monze district, Zambia. Int J Food Contam. 4(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0056-8.
- Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P, Hens L. 2016. Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health. 4(July):1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148.
- Obopile M, Munthali DC, Matilo B. 2008. Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and management of vegetable pests and diseases in Botswana. Crop Prot. 27(8):1220–1224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.03.003.
- Obuseng VC, Mookantsa BM, Okatch H, Mosepele K, Torto N. 2013. Extraction of pesticides from plants using solid phase microextraction and QuEChERS. S Afr J Chem. 66(May):183–188.
- Omwenga I, Kanja L, Zomer P, Louisse J, Rietjens IMCM, Mol H. 2021. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya. Food Addit Contam B Surveill. 14(1):48–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2020.1861661.
- Pal S. 2014. Improving sustainable vegetable production and income through net shading : a case study of Botswana.J Agri Sust. 5(1):70–103.
- Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. 2009. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2(5):270–278. doi:https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498.
- Poulsen ME, Hansen HK, Sloth JJ, Christensen HB, Andersen JH. 2007. Survey of pesticide residues in table grapes: determination of processing factors, intake and risk assessment. Food Addit Contam. 24(8):886–895. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701245320.
- Quinn LP, De Vos BJ, Fernandes-Whaley M, Roos C, Bouwman H, Kylin H, Pieters R, van den Berg J. 2011. Pesticide use in South Africa: one of the largest importers of pesticides in Africa. Pesticides in the Modern World - Pesticides Use and Management.Margarita Stoytcheva, IntechOpen, doi: https://doi.org/10.55772/16995. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-in-the-mordern-world-pesticides-use-and-management/pesticide-use-in-south-africa-one-of-the-largest-impoters-of-pesticides-in-africa.
- Ramona Cristina HM, Gabriel HM, Petru N, Radu Ş, Adina N, Ducu Ş. 2014. The monitoring of mineral elements content in fruit purchased in supermarkets and food markets in Timisoara, Romania. Ann Agric Environ Med. 21(1):98–105.
- Skrovankova S, Sumczynski D, Mlcek J, Jurikova T, Sochor J. 2015. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in different types of berries. Int J Mol Sci. 16(10):24673–24706. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024673.
- Thompson HM, Fryday SL, Harkin S, Milner S. 2014. Potential impacts of synergism in honeybees (Apis mellifera) of exposure to neonicotinoids and sprayed fungicides in crops. Apidologie. 45(5):545–553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-014-0273-6.
- Tosi S, Nieh JC. 2019. Lethal and sublethal synergistic effects of a new systemic pesticide, flupyradifurone (Sivantow), on honeybees. Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci. 286(1900). doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0433.
- Waliszewski SM, Carvajal O, Gómez-Arroyo S, Amador-Muñoz O, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Hayward-Jones PM, Valencia-Quintana R. 2008. DDT and HCH isomer levels in soils, carrot root and carrot leaf samples. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 81(4):343–347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9484-8.