181
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Occurrence and associated health risks of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in supplements marketed in Ghana for improved sexual performance

, , , &
Pages 301-309 | Received 19 Feb 2023, Accepted 18 Jun 2023, Published online: 13 Jul 2023

References

  • African Plant Database. [accessed 2022 Dec 7]. http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=191297.
  • Akuamoa F, Bovee TF, van Dam R, Maro L, Wesseling S, Vervoort J, Rietjens IM, Hoogenboom RL. 2022a. Identification of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in herbal supplements using a tiered approach and associated consumer risk. Food Addit Contam. 39(6):1–12. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2052972.
  • Akuamoa F, Hoogenboom RL, Hamers A, Rietjens IM, Bovee TF. 2021. PDE-5 inhibitors in selected herbal supplements from the Ghanaian market for better erectile function as tested by a bioassay. Toxicol In Vitro. 73:105130. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105130.
  • Akuamoa F, Hoogenboom RL, Weide Y, van der Weg G, Rietjens IM, Bovee TF. 2022b. Presence and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in dietary plant supplements as elucidated by a combined DR CALUX® bioassay and GC-HRMS-based approach. Food Addit Contam. 39(9):1576–1590. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2094473.
  • Biller A, Boppr M, Wiite L, Hartmann T. 1994. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Chromolaena odorata. Chemical and chemoecological aspects. Phytochemistry. 35(3):615 619. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90573-9.
  • Chen L, Mulder PPJ, Peijnenburg A, Rietjens IM. 2019. Risk assessment of intake of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from herbal teas and medicines following realistic exposure scenarios. Food Chem Toxicol. 130:142–153. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.024.
  • Chou MW, Wang YP, Yan J, Yang YC, Beger RD, Williams LD, Doerge DR, Fu PP. 2003. Riddelliine N-oxide is a phytochemical and mammalian metabolite with genotoxic activity that is comparable to the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine. Toxicol Lett. 145(3):239–247. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00293-5.
  • [CONTAM] EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. 2011. Scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA J. 9(11):2406. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2406.
  • Dusemund B, Nowak N, Sommerfeld C, Lindtner O, Schäfer B, Lampen A. 2018. Risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food of plant and animal origin. Food Chem Toxicol. 115:63–72. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.005.
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2005. Opinion of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonized approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. EFSA J. 3(10):282. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.282.
  • El-Shazly A, Wink M. 2014. Diversity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Boraginaceae structures, distribution, and biological properties. Diversity. 6(2):188–282. doi: 10.3390/d6020188.
  • European Commission. 2020 Dec 14. Commission regulation (EU) 2020/2040 of 11 December 2020 amending regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in certain foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union; [accessed 2021 Jun 15]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R2040&rid=1.
  • European Commission. 2020 Dec 14. Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2040 of 11 December 2020 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in certain foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R2040&rid=1.
  • Fayed MAA. 2021. Heliotropium; a genus rich in pyrrolizidine alkaloids: a systematic review following its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytomed Plus. 1(2):100036. doi: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100036.
  • Fu PP, Xia Q, Lin G, Chou MW. 2004. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids—genotoxicity, metabolism enzymes, metabolic activation, and mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev. 36(1):1–55. doi: 10.1081/DMR-120028426.
  • Fu PP, Yang YC, Xia Q, Chou MW, Cui YY, Lin G. 2002. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements. J Food Drug Anal. 10(4):198–211. doi: 10.38212/2224-6614.2743.
  • Gottschalk C, Huckauf A, Dübecke A, Kaltner F, Zimmermann M, Rahaus I, Beuerle T. 2018. Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches. Food Addit Contam. 35(7):1366–1383. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1468929.
  • Hartmann T, Witte L. 1995. Chemistry, biology and chemoecology of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In: Alkaloids: chemical and biological perspectives. Vol. 9, Pergamon; p. 155–233. 10.1016/B978-0-08-042089-9.50011-5.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1976. Some naturally occurring substances. 10:265–343.
  • Kaltner F, Kukula V, Gottschalk C. 2020. Screening of food supplements for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Consum Prot Food Safety. 15(3):237–243. doi: 10.1007/s00003-020-01296-9.
  • Kaltner F, Stiglbauer B, Rychlik M, Gareis M, Gottschalk C 2019. Development of a sensitive analytical method for determining 44 pyrrolizidine alkaloids in teas and herbal teas via LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 411:7233–7249.
  • [CONTAM] EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain, Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, et al. 2017. Statement on the risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions and food supplements. EFSA J. 15(7):4908, 34. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4908.
  • Komlaga G, Agyare C, Dickson RA, Mensah MLK, Annan K, Loiseau PM, Champy P. 2015. Medicinal plants and finished marketed herbal products used in the treatment of malaria in the Ashanti region, Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 172:333–346. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.041.
  • Langel D, Ober D, Pelser PB. 2011. The evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and diversity in the senecioneae. Phytochem Rev. 10(1):3–74. doi: 10.1007/s11101-010-9184-y.
  • Letsyo E, Jerz G, Winterhalter P, Beuerle T. 2017a. Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbal medicines commonly used in Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 202:154–161. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.008.
  • Letsyo E, Jerz G, Winterhalter P, Dübecke A, von der Ohe W, von der Ohe K, Beuerle T. 2017b. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in floral honeys of tropical Ghana: a health risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveillance 10(4):300–310. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1354336.
  • Louisse J, Rijkers D, Stoopen G, Holleboom WJ, Delagrange M, Molthof E, Mulder PPJ, Hoogenboom RLAP, Audebert M, Peijnenburg AA. 2019. Determination of genotoxic potencies of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in HepaRG cells using the γH2AX assay. Food Chem Toxicol. 131:110532. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.040.
  • Mattocks AR. 1986. Chemistry and toxicology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. London: Academic Press.
  • Merz KH, Schrenk D. 2016. Interim relative potency factors for the toxicological risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and herbal medicines. Toxicol Lett. 263:44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.002.
  • Moreira R, Pereira DM, Valentão P, Andrade PB. 2018. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and food safety. Int J Mol Sci. 19(6):1668. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061668.
  • Mulder PPJ, López P, Castelari M, Bodi D, Ronczka S, Preiss-Weigert A, These A. 2018. Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in animal-and plant-derived food: results of a survey across Europe. Food Addit Contam. 35(1):118–133. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1382726.
  • National Toxicology Program. 1978. Bioassay of lasiocarpine for possible carcinogenicity. NTP Tech Rep. 39:1–66.
  • National Toxicology Program. 2003. Technical report 508 on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of riddelliine (cas no. 23246-96-0) in F344/n rats and B6C3F1 mice. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr508.pdf.
  • Ober D, Kaltenegger E. 2009. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis, evolution of a pathway in plant secondary metabolism. Phytochemistry. 70(15–16):1687–1695. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.017.
  • Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. 2018. Analytical strategies for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant based food and examination of the transfer rate during the infusion process. Food Chem. 266:514–523. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.055.
  • Roeder E. 1995. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie. 50(2):83–98.
  • Roeder E, Wiedenfeld H. 2009. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal plants of Mongolia, Nepal and Tibet. Die Pharmazie-An Int J Pharm Sci. 64(11):699–716.
  • Shimshoni JA, Barel S, Mulder PPJ. 2021. Comparative risk assessment of three native Heliotropium species in Israel. Molecules. 26(3):689. doi: 10.3390/molecules26030689.
  • Singh JP, Pandey DP, Pandey MB, Singh A, Singh R. 2005. Alkaloids of Heliotropium indicum. J Indian Chem Soc. 82(2):175–176.
  • Smith LW, Culvenor CCJ. 1981. Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Nat Prod. 44(2):129–152. doi: 10.1021/np50014a001.
  • Stegelmeier BL, Edgar JA, Colegate SM, Gardner DR, Schoch TK, Coulombe RA, Molyneux RJ. 1999. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants, metabolism and toxicity. J Nat Toxins. 8(1):95–116.
  • Suparmi S, Mulder PPJ, Rietjens IM. 2020. Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in jamu available on the Indonesian market and accompanying safety assessment for human consumption. Food Chem Toxicol. 138:111230. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111230.
  • Timbilla JA, Lawson BW. 2014. Herbivore-plant interactions: case of zonocerus variegatus and Chromolaena odorata in Ghana. J Appl Sci. 14(24):3472–3478. doi: 10.3923/jas.2014.3472.3478.
  • WHO IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1988. WHO IPCS international programme on chemical safety, 1988. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Environmental Health Criteria 80.
  • Winter CK, Segall HJ. 1989. Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Toxicants plant origin. 1:23–40.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.