36
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Aflatoxins in maize and groundnuts on markets in Accra and consumers risk

, , &
Received 04 Sep 2023, Accepted 01 May 2024, Published online: 22 May 2024

References

  • Agbetiameh D, Ortega-Beltran A, Awuah RT, Atehnkeng J, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. 2018. Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana: population structure, distribution, and toxigenicity of the causal agents. Plant Dis. 102(4):764–772. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0749-RE.
  • Agbetiameh D, Ortega-Beltran A, Awuah RT, Atehnkeng J, Elzein A, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. 2020. Field efficacy of two atoxigenic biocontrol products for mitigation of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana. Biol Control. 150(May):104351. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104351.
  • Aloui A, Salah-Abbès JB, Zinedine A, Meile JC, Riba A, Durand N, Montet D, Abbès S, Brabet C. 2023. Occurrence of pre- and postharvest multi-mycotoxins in durum wheat grains collected in 2020 and 2021 in two climatic regions of Tunisia. Food Addit Contam. 16(3):274–287. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2219996.
  • Altomare C, Logrieco AF, Gallo A. 2021. Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi: risk and management. A challenge for future global food safety and security. [place unknown]: Elsevier Ltd. 10.1016/B978-0-12-819990-9.00032-9.
  • Angelucci F, Bazzucchi A. 2013. Analysis of incentives and disincentives for groundnuts in Ghana. Technical notes series. Rome.
  • AOAC. 2002. AOAC official method: AOAC 991.31-1994(2002). Aflatoxins in corn, raw peanuts, and peanut butter [Internet]. [ place unknown]; [accessed 2024 Mar 18]. http://www.aoacofficialmethod.org/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=1723.
  • Asare Bediako K, Dzidzienyo D, Ofori K, Offei SK, Asibuo JY, Adu Amoah R, Obeng J. 2019a. Prevalence of fungi and aflatoxin contamination in stored groundnut in Ghana. Food Control. 104(February):152–156. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.034.
  • Asare Bediako K, Ofori K, Offei SK, Dzidzienyo D, Asibuo JY, Adu Amoah R. 2019b. Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.): predisposing factors and management interventions. Food Control. 98(November 2018):61–67. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.020.
  • Atongbiik Achaglinkame M, Opoku N, Amagloh FK. 2017. Aflatoxin contamination in cereals and legumes to reconsider usage as complementary food ingredients for Ghanaian infants: a review. J Nutr Intermed Metab. 10:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jnim.2017.09.001.
  • Awuah RT, Agyemang KO, Fialor SC, Jolly CM. 2008. Are Ghanaians aware of the aflatoxin menace? In: Bandyopadhyay R, Visconti A, editors. Mycotoxins: detection methods, management, public health and agricultural trade. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing; p. 327–334.
  • Awuah RT, Kpodo KA. 1996. High incidence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in stored groundnut in Ghana and the use of a microbial assay to assess the inhibitory effects of plant extracts on aflatoxin synthesis. Mycopathologia. 134(2):109–114. doi: 10.1007/BF00436873.
  • Baffour-Ata F, Antwi-Agyei P, Nkiaka E, Dougill AJ, Anning AK, Kwakye SO. 2021. Effect of climate variability on yields of selected staple food crops in Northern Ghana. J Agric Food Res. 6:100205. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100205.
  • Baoua IB, Amadou L, Bakoye ON, Abdoulaye O, Baributsa D, Murdock LL. 2016. Maize quality in markets in four West African countries. J Stored Prod Res. 69:26–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2016.05.005.
  • Blankson GK, Mills-Robertson FC, Ofosu IW. 2019. Survey of occurrence levels of aflatoxins in selected locally processed cereal-based foods for human consumption from Ghana. Food Control. 95(June 2018):170–175. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.005.
  • Cardwell KF, Henry SH. 2004. Risk of exposure to and mitigation of effect of aflatoxin on human health: a West African example. J Toxicol Toxin Rev. 23(2–3):217–247. doi: 10.1081/TXR-200027817.
  • Cavaglieri L, Orlando J, Etcheverry M. 2009. Rhizosphere microbial community structure at different maize plant growth stages and root locations. Microbiol Res. 164(4):391–399. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.03.006.
  • Copetti MV, Iamanaka BT, Pitt JI, Taniwaki MH. 2014. Fungi and mycotoxins in cocoa: from farm to chocolate. Int J Food Microbiol. 178:13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.023.
  • Dadzie MA, Oppong A, Ofori K, Eleblu JS, Ifie EB, Blay E, Obeng–Bio E, Appiah-Kubi Z, Warburton ML. 2019. Distribution of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin accumulation in stored maize grains across three agro-ecologies in Ghana. Food Control. 104(February):91–98. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.035.
  • Daniel JH, Lewis LW, Redwood YA, Kieszak S, Breiman RF, Dana Flanders W, Bell C, Mwihia J, Ogana G, Likimani S, et al. 2011. Comprehensive assessment of maize aflatoxin levels in Eastern Kenya, 2005–2007. Environ Health Perspect. 119(12):1794–1799. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1003044.
  • Danso JK, Osekre EA, Manu N, Opit GP, Armstrong P, Arthur FH, Campbell JF, Mbata G. 2017. Moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize at harvest and post-harvest in the Middle Belt of Ghana. J Stored Prod Res. 74:46–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2017.08.007.
  • Danso JK, Osekre EA, Opit GP, Arthur FH, Campbell JF, Mbata G, Manu N, Armstrong P, McNeill SG. 2019. Impact of storage structures on moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize in Ghana. J Stored Prod Res. 81:114–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2018.11.012.
  • Danso JK, Osekre EA, Opit GP, Manu N, Armstrong P, Arthur FH, Campbell JF, Mbata G, McNeill SG. 2018. Post-harvest insect infestation and mycotoxin levels in maize markets in the Middle Belt of Ghana. J Stored Prod Res. 77:9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2018.02.004.
  • Dash B, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Huebner HJ, Porter W, Wang JS, Jolly PE, Phillips TD. 2007. Determinants of the variability of aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels in Ghanaians. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 70(1):58–66. doi: 10.1080/15287390600748880.
  • Eskola M, Kos G, Elliott CT, Hajšlová J, Mayar S, Krska R. 2020. Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’ of 25%. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 60(16):2773–2789. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1658570.
  • European Food Safety Authority. 2007. Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to the potential increase of consumer health risk by a possible increase of the existing maximum levels for aflatoxins in almonds, hazelnuts and pis. EFSA J. 446:1–127. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.446.
  • Florkowski WJ, Kolavalli S. 2013. Aflatoxin control strategies in the groundnut value chain in Ghana. GSSP working paper 33. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127749.
  • Ghana Statistical Service. 2021. Ghana 2021 population and housing census: population of regions and districts [internet]. Accra. [accessed 2024 Feb 8]. https://statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/pressrelease/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203A_Population%20of%20Regions%20and%20Districts_181121.pdf.
  • Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kumwenda NC, Harry M, Matumba L, Njoroge SMC, Okori P. 2022. Aflatoxin in cereals and groundnut from small holder farming households in Malawi. Food Addit Contam. 15(4):266–274. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2101069.
  • Gruber-Dorninger C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G. 2018. Multi-mycotoxin screening of feed and feed raw materials from Africa. World Mycotoxin J. 11(3):369–383. doi: 10.3920/WMJ2017.2292.
  • Ismail A, Naeem I, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Akhtar S, Riaz M, Ramalho LNZ, de Oliveira CAF, Ismail Z. 2021. Early life exposure to dietary aflatoxins, health impact and control perspectives: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 112(March):212–224. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.002.
  • ISO 16050. 2003. Foodstuffs-determination of aflatoxin B1, and the total content of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in cereals, nuts and derived products-high-performance liquid chromatographic method [Internet]. [place unknown]. https://www.iso.org/standard/29628.html.
  • James A, Zikankuba VL. 2018. Mycotoxins contamination in maize alarms food safety in sub-Sahara Africa. Food Control. 90:372–381. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.018.
  • James B, Adda C, Cardwell K, Annang D, Hell K, Korie S, Edorh M, Gbeassor F, Nagatey K, Houenou G. 2007. Public information campaign on aflatoxin contamination of maize grains in market stores in Benin, Ghana and Togo. Food Addit Contam. 24(11):1283–1291. doi: 10.1080/02652030701416558.
  • JECFA. 2018. Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: prepared by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA). Geneva.
  • Jolly CM, Awuah RT, Fialor SC, Agyemang KO, Kagochi JM, Binns AD. 2008. Groundnut consumption frequency in Ghana. Int J Consum Stud. 32(6):675–686. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2008.00697.x.
  • Kortei NK, Akomeah Agyekum A, Akuamoa F, Baffour VK, Wiisibie Alidu H. 2019. Risk assessment and exposure to levels of naturally occurring aflatoxins in some packaged cereals and cereal based foods consumed in Accra, Ghana. Toxicol Rep. 6(November 2018):34–41. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.012.
  • Kortei NK, Annan T, Akonor PT, Richard SA, Annan HA, Kwagyan MW, Ayim-Akonor M, Akpaloo PG. 2021. Aflatoxins in randomly selected groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and its products from some local markets across Ghana: human risk assessment and monitoring. Toxicol Rep. 8:186–195. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.002.
  • Kortei NK, Annan T, Akonor PT, Richard SA, Annan HA, Kyei-Baffour V, Akuamoa F, Akpaloo PG, Esua-Amoafo P. 2021. The occurrence of aflatoxins and human health risk estimations in randomly obtained maize from some markets in Ghana. Sci Rep. 11(1):1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83751-7.
  • Kortei NK, Annan T, Kyei-Baffour V, Essuman EK, Okyere H, Tettey CO. 2021. Exposure and risk characterizations of ochratoxins a and aflatoxins through maize (Zea mays) consumed in different agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Sci Rep. 11(1):1–19. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02822-x.
  • Kpodo K, Thrane U, Hald B. 2000. Fusaria and fumonisins in maize from Ghana and their co-occurrence with aflatoxins. Int J Food Microbiol. 61(2–3):147–157. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00370-6.
  • Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG. 2017. Aflatoxins: a global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Front Microbiol. 7(JAN):1–10. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170.
  • Liu Y, Wu F. 2010. Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 118(6):818–824. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901388.
  • Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Turna NS, Ademola O, Obadina A, Wu F. 2019. The occurrence and co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin along the maize value chain in Southwest Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol. 129(January):458–465. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.008.
  • Manu N, Osekre EA, Opit GP, Arthur FH, Mbata G, Armstrong P, Danso JK, McNeill SG, Campbell J. 2019. Moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize on farms in Tamale environs in the northern region of Ghana. J Stored Prod Res. 83:153–160. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2019.05.015.
  • Misihairabgwi JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. 2019. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: a 10-year review (2007–2016). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 59(1):43–58. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003.
  • Moretti A, Pascale M, Logrieco AF. 2018. Mycotoxin risks under a climate change scenario in Europe. Trends Food Sci Technol. 0–1. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.008.
  • Mutegi C, Wagacha M, Kimani J, Otieno G, Wanyama R, Hell K, Elisa M. 2013. Incidence of a fl atoxin in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus) from markets in Western, Nyanza and Nairobi provinces of Kenya and related market traits. J Stored Prod Res. 52:118–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2012.10.002.
  • Mutegi CK, Ngugi HK, Hendriks SL, Jones RB. 2012. Factors associated with the incidence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts in the Busia and Homa bay districts of Western Kenya. Plant Pathol. 61(6):1143–1153. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02597.x.
  • Mutungi C, Muthoni F, Bekunda M, Gaspar A, Kabula E, Abass A. 2019. Physical quality of maize grain harvested and stored by smallholder farmers in the northern highlands of Tanzania: effects of harvesting and pre-storage handling practices in two marginally contrasting agro-locations. J Stored Prod Res. 84:101517. doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2019.101517.
  • Nabwire Wangia-Dixon R, Xue KS, Alcala J, Quach THT, Song X, Tang L, Ombaka J, Githanga DP, Anzala OA, Wang JS. 2020. Nutrition and growth outcomes are affected by aflatoxin exposures in Kenyan children. Food Addit Contam Part A. 37(12):2123–2134. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1825825.
  • Nyarko SK, Akyereko YG, Akowuah JO, Wireko-Manu FD. 2021. Comparative studies on grain quality and pesticide residues in maize stored in hermetic and polypropylene storage bags. Agriculture (Switzerland). 11(8):1–10. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11080772.
  • Ofori-Asenso R, Agyeman AA. 2016. Hepatitis B in Ghana: a systematic review & meta-analysis of prevalence studies. BMC Infect Dis. 16:130. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1467-5.
  • Omari R, Anyebuno G. 2020. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in maize-groundnuts complementary foods consumed by Ghanaian infants. J Food Qual Hazards Control. 7(3):128–135. doi: 10.18502/JFQHC.7.3.4144.
  • Opoku N, Achaglinkame MA, Amagloh FK. 2018. Aflatoxin content in cereal-legume blends on the Ghanaian market far exceeds the permissible limit. Food Secur. 10(6):1539–1545. doi: 10.1007/s12571-018-0849-5.
  • Reddy KRN, Salleh B, Saad B, Abbas HK, Abel CA, Shier WT. 2010. An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health. Toxin Rev. 29(1):3–26. doi: 10.3109/15569541003598553.
  • Shephard GS. 2003. Aflatoxin and food safety: recent African perspectives. J Toxicol Toxin Rev. 22(2–3):267–286. doi: 10.1081/TXR-120024094.
  • Shephard GS. 2008. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Africa. Food Addit Contam Part A. 25(10):1246–1256. doi: 10.1080/02652030802036222.
  • Van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA. 2007. Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context. Anal Bioanal Chem. 389(1):147–157. doi: 10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9.
  • Wagacha JM, Muthomi JW. 2008. Mycotoxin problem in Africa: current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies. Int J Food Microbiol. 124(1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.01.008.
  • Walpole SC, Prieto-Merino D, Edwards P, Cleland J, Stevens G, Roberts I. 2012. The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass. BMC Public Health. 12(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-439.
  • Yard EE, Daniel JH, Lewis LS, Rybak ME, Paliakov EM, Kim AA, Montgomery JM, Bunnell R, Abudo MU, Akhwale W, et al. 2013. Human aflatoxin exposure in Kenya, 2007: a cross-sectional study. Food Addit Contam Part A. 30(7):1322–1331. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2013.789558.
  • Zain ME. 2011. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. J Saudi Chem Soc. 15(2):129–144. doi: 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006.
  • Zinedine A, Ben Salah-Abbes J, Abbès S, Tantaoui-Elaraki A. 2021. Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: exposure assessment, regulations, and prevention strategies – a review. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 258:73–108. doi: 10.1007/398_2021_73.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.