Modelling of surface and inner wall temperatures in the analysis of courtyard thermal performances in Mediterranean climates

References

• “Resúmenes Climatológicos - España - Anuales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España.” 2018. Accessed March 21. http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/vigilancia_clima/resumenes?w=0&datos=2.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulkareem, Haval A. 2016. “Thermal Comfort through the Microclimates of the Courtyard. A Critical Review of the Middle-Eastern Courtyard House as a Climatic Response.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (October 2015) Elsevier B.V.: 662–674. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.054.
   Google Scholar
• Acero, Juan A., and Karmele Herranz-Pascual. 2015. “A Comparison of Thermal Comfort Conditions in Four Urban Spaces by Means of Measurements and Modelling Techniques.” Building and Environment 93 (P2) Elsevier Ltd: 245–257. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.028.
   Google Scholar
• Antoniou, Nestoras, Hamid Montazeri, Marina Neophytou, and Bert Blocken. 2019. “CFD Simulation of Urban Microclimate: Validation Using High-Resolution Field Measurements.” Science of the Total Environment 695 (December) Elsevier B.V.: 133743. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133743.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ASHRAE. 2014. ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014. Measurement of Energy, Demand, and Water Savings. https://energywatch-inc.com/ashrae-guideline-14/.
   Google Scholar
• Benítez, M., and A. Bermúdez. 2011. “A Second Order Characteristics Finite Element Scheme for Natural Convection Problems.” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 235 (11) North-Holland: 3270–3284. doi:10.1016/J.CAM.2011.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermúdez, A. 2005. Continuouum Thermomechanics. Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Blocken, Bert, Ted Stathopoulos, Jan Carmeliet, and Jan L.M. Hensen. 2011. “Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Building Performance Simulation for the Outdoor Environment: An Overview.” Journal of Building Performance Simulation 4 (2) Taylor & Francis: 157–184. doi:10.1080/19401493.2010.513740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chacón Rebollo, Tomás, Macarena Gómez Mármol, Frédéric Hecht, Samuele Rubino, and Isabel Sánchez Muñoz. 2018. “A High-Order Local Projection Stabilization Method for Natural Convection Problems.” Journal of Scientific Computing 74 (2) Springer US: 667–692. doi:10.1007/s10915-017-0469-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandel, S. S., Vandna Sharma, and Bhanu M. Marwah. 2016. “Review of Energy Efficient Features in Vernacular Architecture for Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort Conditions.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 65 Elsevier: 459–477. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwy, Ibrahim, Yasser Ibrahim, Mohammad Fahmy, and Mohamed Mahdy. 2018. “Outdoor Microclimatic Validation for Hybrid Simulation Workflow in Hot Arid Climates Against ENVI-Met and Field Measurements.” Energy Procedia, doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.009.
   Google Scholar
• “ENVI-Met.”. 2019. Accessed October 28. https://www.envi-met.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Forouzandeh, Aysan. 2018. “Numerical Modeling Validation for the Microclimate Thermal Condition of Semi-Closed Courtyard Spaces between Buildings.” Sustainable Cities and Society 36 (August 2017) Elsevier: 327–345. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.07.025.
   Google Scholar
• “FreeFEM.”. https://freefem.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffarianhoseini, Amirhosein, Umberto Berardi, and Ali Ghaffarianhoseini. 2015. “Thermal Performance Characteristics of Unshaded Courtyards in Hot and Humid Climates.” Building and Environment 87 Elsevier Ltd: 154–168. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gresho, P. M., R. L. Lee, S. T. Chan, and R. L. Sani. 1980. “Solution of the Time-Dependent Incompressible Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq Equations Using the Galerkin Finite Element Method.” Lecture Notes in Mathematics Series 771: 203–222. doi:10.1007/BFb0086908.
   Google Scholar
• “Help: Green Building Studio Validation.” 2020. Accessed April 11. http://help.autodesk.com/view/BUILDING_PERFORMANCE_ANALYSIS/ENU/?guid=GUID-EF68E7D5-C0A5-4805-BFE5-7C74C57B712E.
   Google Scholar
• “Help: Weather Data in GBS.” 2020. Accessed April 11. http://help.autodesk.com/view/BUILDING_PERFORMANCE_ANALYSIS/ENU/?guid=GUID-66C3DCAE-B45D-4BFA-9916-9F1CD83FC9EF.
   Google Scholar
• IEA/UN. 2019. 2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(00)00575-3.
   Google Scholar
• Kottek, Markus, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf, and Franz Rubel. 2006. “World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, Tetsu, Mohd Azuan Zakaria, Seiji Abe, and Doris Hooi Chyee Toe. 2017. “Thermal Functions of Internal Courtyards in Traditional Chinese Shophouses in the Hot-Humid Climate of Malaysia.” Building and Environment 112 Elsevier Ltd: 115–131. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Ladybug Tools | Home Page.” 2020. Accessed September 4. https://www.ladybug.tools/.
   Google Scholar
• López-Cabeza, V. P., C. Galán-Marín, C. Rivera-Gómez, and J. Roa-Fernández. 2018. “Courtyard Microclimate ENVI-Met Outputs Deviation from the Experimental Data.” Building and Environment 144 (August) Elsevier: 129–141. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.013.
   Google Scholar
• Mackey, Christopher, Theodore Galanos, Leslie Norford, and Mostapha Sadeghipour Roudsari. 2017. “Wind, Sun, Surface Temperature, and Heat Island: Critical Variables for High-Resolution Outdoor Thermal Comfort.” In Proceedings of the 15th IBPSA Conference San Francisco, CA, USA, 985–993. San Francisco, CA. doi:10.26868/25222708.2017.260.
   Google Scholar
• Mauree, Dasaraden, Emanuele Naboni, Silvia Coccolo, A. T. D. Perera, Vahid M. Nik, and Jean-Louis Scartezzini. 2019. “A Review of Assessment Methods for the Urban Environment and Its Energy Sustainability to Guarantee Climate Adaptation of Future Cities.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 112 (September) Pergamon: 733–746. doi:10.1016/J.RSER.2019.06.005.
   Google Scholar
• Nasrollahi, Nazanin, Mojtaba Hatami, Seyedeh Razieyeh Khastar, and Mohammad Taleghani. 2017. “Numerical Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Traditional Courtyards to Develop New Microclimate Design in a Hot and Dry Climate.” Sustainable Cities and Society 35 (June) Elsevier: 449–467. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.017.
   Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz, P. H. 1968. “Existence and Nonuniqueness of Rectangular Solutions of the Bénard Problem.” Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 29 (1) Springer-Verlag: 32–57. doi:10.1007/BF00256457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Fernández, Juan, Carmen Galán-Marín, Carlos Rivera-Gómez, and Enrique D. Fernández-Nieto. 2018. “Exploring the Interplay Between CAD and FreeFem++ as an Energy Decision-Making Tool for Architectural Design.” Energies 11 (10). doi:10.3390/en11102665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Fernández, Juan, Carmen Galán-Marín, Jorge Roa-Fernández, and Carlos Rivera-Gómez. 2017. “Correlations Between GIS-Based Urban Building Densification Analysis and Climate Guidelines for Mediterranean Courtyards.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9 (12). doi:10.3390/su9122255.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas, Juan M., Carmen Galán-Marín, and Enrique D. Fernández-Nieto. 2012. “Parametric Study of Thermodynamics in the Mediterranean Courtyard as a Tool for the Design of Eco-Efficient Buildings.” Energies 5 (7): 2381–2403. doi:10.3390/en5072381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghipour Roudsari, Mostapha, Michelle Pak, and Adrian Smith. 2013. “Ladybug: A Parametric Environmental Plugin for Grasshopper To Help Designers Create an Environmentally-Conscious Design.” 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, 3129–3135. http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/bs2013/p_2499.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Salata, Ferdinando, Iacopo Golasi, Roberto de Lieto Vollaro, and Andrea de Lieto Vollaro. 2016. “Urban Microclimate and Outdoor Thermal Comfort. A Proper Procedure to Fit ENVI-Met Simulation Outputs to Experimental Data.” Sustainable Cities and Society 26 Elsevier B.V.: 318–343. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamouris, M., N. Papanikolaou, I. Livada, I. Koronakis, C. Georgakis, A. Argiriou, and D. N. Assimakopoulos. 2001. “On the Impact of Urban Climate on the Energy Consuption of Building.” Solar Energy 70 (3): 201–216. doi:10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00095-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamouris, M., and Geun Young Yun. 2020. “Recent Development and Research Priorities on Cool and Super Cool Materials to Mitigate Urban Heat Island.” Renewable Energy 161 Elsevier Ltd: 792–807. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.07.109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlichting, H., and K. Gertesten. 2004. Boundary Layer Theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Srebric, Jelena, Mohammad Heidarinejad, and Jiying Liu. 2015. “Building Neighborhood Emerging Properties and Their Impacts on Multi-Scale Modeling of Building Energy and Airflows.” Building and Environment 91 Elsevier: 246–262. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoka, S., A. Tsikaloudaki, and T. Theodosiou. 2018. “Analyzing the ENVI-Met Microclimate Model’s Performance and Assessing Cool Materials and Urban Vegetation Applications–A Review.” Sustainable Cities and Society 43 (August) Elsevier: 55–76. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.009.
   Google Scholar
• Willmott, Cort J. 1982. “Some Comments on the Evaluation of Model Performance.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 63 (11): 1309–1313. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1982)063<1309:SCOTEO><1309:SCOTEO>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar