449
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Developing a statistical electric vehicle charging model and its application in the performance assessment of a sustainable urban charging hub

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Received 13 May 2023, Accepted 23 Aug 2023, Published online: 22 Sep 2023

References

  • Birnie, D. P., III. 2009. “Solar-to-vehicle (S2V) Systems for Powering Commuters of the Future.” Journal of Power Sources 186 (2): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.118.
  • Callaway, D. 2009. “Tapping the Energy Storage Potential in Electric Loads to Deliver Load Following and Regulation, with Application to Wind Energy.” Energy Conversion and Management 50 (5): 1389–1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.12.012.
  • CCC (Committee on Climate Change). 2022. Progress in Reducing Emissions – 2022 Report to Parliament. London: Climate Change Committee. Accessed February 2, 2023. https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/2022-progress-report-to-parliament/.
  • ChargePlace Scotland. 2023. “ChargePlace Scotland Live Map, App.” ChargePlace Scotland live map – Charge Place Scotland. Accessed March 1, 2023.
  • Chaudhari, K., A. Ukil, K. N. Kumar, U. Manandhar, and S. K. Kollimalla. 2018. “Hybrid Optimization for Economic Deployment of ESS in PV-Integrated EV Charging Stations.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14 (1): 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2017.2713481.
  • City Parking Glasgow. 2015. “Operational performance Quarter 3.” Report to Glasgow City Council. Accessed May 29, 2020. http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/Councillorsandcommittees/viewSelectedDocument.asp?c=P62AFQUTZ3UTT1NT.
  • Clarke, J. A., J. W. Hand, C. M. Johnstone, N. Kelly, and P. A. Strachan. 1996. “Photovoltaic-integrated Building Facades.” Renewable Energy 8 (1-4): 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(96)88902-6.
  • DFT (Department for Transport). 2018. “The Road to Zero – Next Steps towards Cleaner Road Transport and Delivering our Industrial Strategy.” DFT Report. London.
  • Doroudchi, E., K. Alanne, Ö Okur, J. Kyyrä, and M. Lehtonen. 2018. “Approaching net Zero Energy Housing Through Integrated EV.” Sustainable Cities and Society 38: 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.042.
  • Elexon. 2021. “Balancing Market Data.” Accessed May 28, 2022. https://www.bmreports.com/.
  • Energy Plus. 2023. “Software.” Accessed March 29, 2023. https://energyplus.net/.
  • Equa Simulation Ltd. 2023. "EQUA simulation software", https://www.equa.se/en/.
  • ESRU (Energy Systems Research Unit). 2023. “ESP-r Software.” Accessed February 28, 2023. http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/applications/esp-r/.
  • Fachrizal, R., M. Shepero, M. Åberg, and J. Munkhammar. 2022. “Optimal PV-EV Sizing at Solar Powered Workplace Charging Stations with Smart Charging Schemes Considering Self-Consumption and Self-Sufficiency Balance.” Applied Energy 307: 118139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118139.
  • Fowler, R., O. Elmhirst, and J. Richards. 2018. “Electrification in the United Kingdom: A Case Study Based on Future Energy Scenarios.” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 16 (4): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2018.2822864.
  • GCC (Glasgow City Council). 2018. “Specifications for the Duke St Car Park PV Canopy.” Glasgow City Council Project Report.
  • Hardman, S., A. Jenn, G. Tal, J. Axsen, G. Beard, N. Daina, Erik Figenbaum, et al. 2018. “A Review of Consumer Preferences of and Interactions with Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62: 508–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.04.002.
  • Hirst, D. 2020. “Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure, House of Commons Library.” Briefing Paper 7480.
  • Huang, P., J. Munkhammar, R. Fachrizal, M. Lovati, X. Zhang, and Y. Sun. 2022a. “Comparative Studies of EV Fleet Smart Charging Approaches for Demand Response in Solar-Powered Building Communities.” Sustainable Cities and Society 85: 104094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104094.
  • Huang, P., R. Tu, X. Zhang, M. Han, Y. Sun, S. A. Hussain, and L. Zhang. 2022b. “Investigation of Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Characteristics on the Power Regulation Performance in Solar Powered Building Communities and Battery Degradation in Sweden.” Journal of Energy Storage 56: 105907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105907.
  • Kane, M. 2017. “2017 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Gets Performance Upgrade, Slightly More Range.” Inside EVs, Online Article. Accessed December 18, 2022. https://insideevs.com/news/331933/2017-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-gets-performance-upgrade-slightly-more-range/.
  • Kane, M. 2022. “New Tesla Model 3 RWD (LFP 60 kWh) Gets Remarkable Winter Range.” Inside EVs Online Article. Accessed March 24, 2023. https://insideevs.com/news/563125/tesla-model3-60kwh-winter-range/.
  • Kelly, N. J. 1998. “Towards a Design Environment for Building-Integrated Energy Systems: The Integration of Electrical Power Flow Modelling with Building Simulation.” PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde.
  • Kelly, N., A. Samuel, and J. Hand. 2015. “Testing Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging and Domestic Heating Strategies for Future UK Housing.” Energy and Buildings 105: 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.07.044.
  • Korkas, C. D., M. Terzopoulos, C. Tsaknakis, and E. B. Kosmatopoulos. 2022. “Nearly Optimal Demand Side Management for Energy, Thermal, EV and Storage Loads: An Approximate Dynamic Programming Approach for Smarter Buildings.” Energy and Buildings 255: 111676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111676.
  • Longi Solar Ltd. 2020. Datasheet, LR4-72 HPH 455 M G2.
  • Milukic, M. G. n.d. “How to Solve Hogging and ICEing Issues at EV Charging Stations in the UK.” Online Article, British Parking Association. Accessed December 20, 2022. https://www.britishparking-media.co.uk/blogs/guest-post-how-to-solve-hogging-and-iceing-issues-at-ev-charging-stations-in-the-uk.
  • Molina, D., C. Hubbard, C. Lu, R. Turner, and R. Harley. 2012. “Optimal EV Charge-discharge Schedule in Smart Residential Buildings.” In IEEE Power and Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (PowerAfrica), Johannesburg, 1–8. IEEE.
  • Mottillo, M., I. Beausoleil-Morrison, L. Couture, and Y. Poissant. 2006. “A Comparison and Validation of Two Photovoltaic Models.” Canadian solar buildings conference, Montreal.
  • Mouli, G. C., P. Bauer, and M. Zeman. 2016. “System Design for a Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station for Workplaces.” Applied Energy 168: 434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.110.
  • Pareschi, G., L. Küng, G. Georges, and K. Boulouchos. 2020. “Are Travel Surveys a Good Basis for EV Models? Validation of Simulated Charging Profiles Against Empirical Data.” Applied Energy 275: 115318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115318.
  • Park, M., Z. Wang, L. Li, and X. Wang. 2023. “Multi-objective Building Energy System Optimization Considering EV Infrastructure.” Applied Energy 332: 120504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120504.
  • Ramirez-Mendiola, J. L., G. Mattioli, J. Anable, and J. Torriti. 2022. “I'm Coming Home (to Charge): The Relation Between Commuting Practices and Peak Energy Demand in the United Kingdom.” Energy Research & Social Science 88: 102502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102502.
  • RUGGEDISED. 2023. Accessed March 18, 2023. https://ruggedised.eu/legacy/.
  • Scottish Government. 2021. Heat in Buildings Strategy – Achieving net Zero Emissions in Scotland's Buildings. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Publication. Accessed 28/03/2022 https://www.gov.scot/publications/heat-buildings-strategy-achieving-net-zero-emissions-scotlands-buildings/.
  • Staffell, I. 2017. “Measuring the Progress and Impacts of Decarbonising British Electricity.” Energy Policy 102: 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.037.
  • Strachan, P. A., G. Kokogiannakis, and I. A. Macdonald. 2008. “History and Development of Validation with the ESP-r Simulation Program.” Building and Environment 43 (4): 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.025.
  • Svetozarevic, B., C. Baumann, S. Muntwiler, L. Di Natale, M. N. Zeilinger, and P. Heer. 2022. “Data-driven Control of Room Temperature and Bidirectional EV Charging Using Deep Reinforcement Learning: Simulations and Experiments.” Applied Energy 307: 118127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118127.
  • Tulpule, P. J., V. Marano, S. Yurkovich, and G. Rizzoni. 2013. “Economic and Environmental Impacts of a PV Powered Workplace Parking Garage Charging Station.” Applied Energy 108: 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.068.
  • UK Government. 2019. “UK Government Climate Change Act 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order 2019.” Accessed May 6, 2020. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2019/9780111187654.
  • Wang, G. C., E. Ratnam, H. V. Haghi, and J. Kleissl. 2019. “Corrective Receding Horizon EV Charge Scheduling Using Short-term Solar Forecasting.” Renewable Energy 130: 1146–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.056.
  • Yan, Q., B. Zhang, and M. Kezunovic. 2019. “Optimized Operational Cost Reduction for an EV Charging Station Integrated with Battery Energy Storage and PV Generation.” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10 (2): 2096–2106. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2788440.
  • Zou, W., Y. Sun, D. C. Gao, X. Zhang, and J. Liu. 2023. “A Review on Integration of Surging Plug-in Electric Vehicles Charging in Energy-flexible Buildings: Impacts Analysis, Collaborative Management Technologies, and Future Perspective.” Applied Energy 331: 120393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120393.