577
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Impact of multidisciplinary research on advancing anti-doping efforts

&
Pages 235-259 | Published online: 12 Jul 2011

References

  • Ajzen , I. 1991 . The theory of planned behaviour . Organisational behaviour and human decision processes , 50 : 179 – 211 .
  • Alaranta , A. 2006 . Self-reported attitudes of elite athletes towards doping: differences between type of sport . International journal of sports medicine , 27 ( 10 ) : 842 – 846 .
  • Anderson , L. 2009 . Writing a new code of ethics for sports physicians: principles and challenges . British journal of sports medicine , 49 : 1079 – 1082 .
  • Backhouse, S., et al., 2007. Attitudes, behaviours, knowledge and education – drugs in sport: past, present and future [online]. http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Backhouse_et_al_Full_Report.pdf (http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Backhouse_et_al_Full_Report.pdf) (Accessed: 8 December 2010 ).
  • Bargh , J.A. and Chartrand , T.L. 2000 . “ The mind in the middle: a practical guide to priming and automaticity research ” . In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology , Edited by: Reis , H.T. and Judd , C.M. 253 – 285 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Barkoukis , V. 2010 . Motivational and sportspersonship profiles of elite athletes in relation to doping behaviour . Psychology of sport and exercise , doi:10.1016/j.psichsport.2010. 10. 003
  • Bashford , J. , Flett , R. and Copeland , J. 2010 . The Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT): development, reliability, concurrent and predictive validity among adolescents and adults . Addiction , 105 : 615 – 625 .
  • Belanger , A. 2003 . Inactivation of androgens by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in humans . Trends in endocrinology and metabolism , 14 : 473 – 479 .
  • Berentsen , A. , Bruegger , E. and Loertscher , S. 2002 . On cheating, doping and whistleblowing . European journal of political economy , 24 : 415 – 436 .
  • Bloodworth , A. and McNamee , M. 2010 . Clean Olympians doping and anti-doping: the views of talented young British athletes . The international journal of drug policy , 21 ( 4 ) : 276 – 282 .
  • Bloodworth , A. 2010 . Doping and supplementation: the attitudes of talented young athletes . Scandinavian journal of science and medicine in sport , doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838. 2010. 01239.x
  • Bosson , J.K. , Swann , W.B. Jr. and Pennebaker , J.W. 2000 . Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: the blind men and the elephant revisited? . Journal of personality and social psychology , 79 : 631 – 643 .
  • Brand , R. and Melzer , M. 2011 . Towards an implicit association test (IAT) for measuring doping attitudes in sports. Data-based recommendations developed from two recently published tests . Psychology of sport and exercise , doi: 10.1016/j. psychsport. 2011. 01. 002
  • Breivik , G. , Hanstad , D.V. and Loland , S. 2009 . Attitudes toward use of performance-enhancing substances and body modification techniques. A comparison between elite athletes and the general population . Sport in society , 12 ( 6 ) : 737 – 754 .
  • Castronova , E. and Wagner , G.G. 2009 . Sports rules as common pool resources: a better way to respond to doping . Economic analysis and policy , 39 ( 3 ) : 341 – 344 .
  • Christiansen , A.V. 2010 . “We are not sportsmen, we are professionals”: professionalism, doping and deviance in elite sport . International journal of sport management and marketing , 7 ( 1–2 ) : 91 – 103 .
  • Clark , S.J. and Desharnais , R.A. 1998 . Honest answers to embarrassing questions: detecting cheating in the randomized response model . Psychological methods , 3 ( 2 ) : 160 – 168 .
  • Cruyff , M.J.L.F. 2007 . Log-linear randomized-response models taking self-protective response behaviour into account . Sociological methods & research , 36 : 266 – 282 .
  • D'Angelo , C. and Tamburini , C. 2010 . Addict to win? A different approach to doping . Journal of medical ethics , 36 : 700 – 707 .
  • De Houwer , J. 2009 . Implicit measures: a normative analysis and review . Psychological bulletin , 135 ( 3 ) : 347 – 368 .
  • Delaney-Black , V. 2010 . Just say “I don't”: lack of concordance between teen report and biological measures of drug use . Pediatrics , 126 ( 5 ) : 887 – 893 .
  • Deshmukh , N. 2010a . Analysis of anabolic steroids in human hair using LC–MS/MS . Steroids , 75 ( 10 ) : 710 – 714 .
  • Deshmukh , N. 2010b . Detection of testosterone in human hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry . Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology , 62 ( 10 ) : 1205 – 1206 .
  • Dhalla , S. and Kopec , J.A. 2007 . The CAGE Questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies . Clinical and investigative medicine , 30 ( 1 ) : 33 – 41 .
  • Dodge , T. and Jaccard , J.J. 2008 . Is abstinence an alternative? Predicting adolescent athletes’ intentions to use performance enhancing substances . Journal of health psychology , 13 : 703 – 711 .
  • Dunn , M. 2010 . Drug testing in sport: the attitudes and experiences of elite athletes . International journal of drug policy , 21 ( 4 ) : 330 – 332 .
  • Elliot , D.L. 2006 . Definition and outcome of a curriculum to prevent disordered eating and body-shaping drug use . Journal of school health , 76 ( 2 ) : 67 – 73 .
  • Elliot , D.L. 2008 . Long-term outcomes of the ATHENA (Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise & Nutrition Alternatives) program for female high school athletes . Journal of alcohol and drug education , 52 ( 2 ) : 73 – 92 .
  • Evans , J.S.B.T. 2008 . Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition . Psychology , 59 : 255 – 278 .
  • Fazio , R.H. and Olson , M.A. 2003 . Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use . Annual review of psychology , 54 : 297 – 327 .
  • Gaillard , Y. and Pepin , G. 1999 . Testing hair for pharmaceuticals . Journal of chromatography B , 733 : 231 – 246 .
  • Gawronski , B. and LeBel , E.P. 2008 . Understanding patterns of attitude change: when implicit measures show change but explicit measures do not . Journal of experimental social psychology , 44 : 1355 – 1361 .
  • Gawronski , B. 2009 . Ten frequently asked questions about implicit measures and their frequently supposed, but not entirely correct answers . Canadian psychology , 50 ( 3 ) : 141 – 150 .
  • Gebauer , J.E. 2008 . “How much do you like your name?” An implicit measure of global self-esteem . Journal of experimental social psychology , 44 : 1346 – 1354 .
  • Gibbons , F.X. 1998 . Reasoned action and social reaction: willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk . Journal of personality and social psychology , 74 : 1164 – 1180 .
  • Goldberg , L. and Elliot , D.L. 2005 . Preventing substance use among high school athletes. The ATLAS and ATHENA programs . Journal of experimental social psychology , 21 ( 2 ) : 63 – 87 .
  • Greenberg , B.G. 1969 . The unrelated question randomized response model: theoretical framework . Journal of the American statistical association , 64 : 520 – 539 .
  • Greenberg , B.G. 1971 . Application of the randomized response technique in obtaining quantitative data . Journal of the American statistical association , 66 : 243 – 250 .
  • Greenwald , A.G. and Banaji , M.R. 1995 . Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes . Psychological review , 102 : 4 – 27 .
  • Greenwald , A.G. , McGhee , D.E. and Schwartz , J.L.K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test . Journal of personality and social psychology , 74 ( 6 ) : 1464 – 1480 .
  • Greenwald , A.G. and Farnham , S.D. 2000 . Using the implicit association test to measure self esteem and self-concept . Journal of personality and social psychology , 79 : 1022 – 1038 .
  • Gucciardi , D.F. , Jalleh , G. and Donovan , R.J. 2010 . Does social desirability influence the relationship between doping attitudes and doping susceptibility in athletes? . Psychology of sport and exercise , 11 ( 6 ) : 479 – 486 .
  • Han , H.A. 2010 . Malleability of attitudes or malleability of the IAT? . Journal of experimental social psychology , 46 : 286 – 298 .
  • Hanson , J.M. 2009 . Equipping athletes to make informed decisions about performance-enhancing drug use: a constructivist perspective from educational psychology . Sport in society , 12 ( 3 ) : 392 – 410 .
  • Hanstad , D.V. and Loland , S. 2009 . Elite athletes’ duty to provide information on their whereabouts: justifiable anti-doping work or an indefensible surveillance regime? . European journal of sport sciences , 9 ( 1 ) : 3 – 10 .
  • Hardie, M., et al., 2010. I wish I was twenty one now. Beyond doping in the Australian Peloton [online]. http://www.newcyclingpathway.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/21-NOW-FINAL-.pdf (http://www.newcyclingpathway.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/21-NOW-FINAL-.pdf) (Accessed: 4 December 2010 ).
  • Haugen , K.K. 2004 . The performance-enhancing drug game . Journal of sports economics , 5 : 67 – 86 .
  • Heikkala , J. 1993 . Modernity, morality, and the logic of competing . International review for the sociology of sport , 28 ( 4 ) : 355 – 370 .
  • Heller , W.B. and Sieberg , K.K. 2010 . Honor among thieves: cooperation as a strategic response to functional unpleasantness . Journal of political economy. , 26 ( 3 ) : 351 – 362 .
  • Hilderbrand , R. 2007 . The world anti-doping program and the primary care physician . Pediatric clinics of North America , 54 ( 4 ) : 701 – 711 .
  • Himmelfarb , S. 2008 . The multi-item randomized response technique . Sociological methods & research , 36 : 495 – 514 .
  • Hofmann , W. 2005 . A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures . Personality and social psychology bulletin , 31 ( 10 ) : 1369 – 1385 .
  • Hum , D.W. 1999 . Characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases active on steroid hormones . The journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology , 69 : 413 – 423 .
  • James , R. , Naughton , D.P. and Petroczi , A. 2010 . Promoting functional foods as acceptable alternatives to doping: potential for information-based social marketing approach . Journal of international society for sports nutrition , 7 : 37
  • Kanayama , G. , Hudson , J.I. and Pope , H.G. 2008 . Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. A looming public health concern? . Drug and alcohol dependence , 98 : 1 – 12 .
  • Kanayama , G. 2009 . Issues for DSM-V: clarifying the diagnostic criteria for anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence . The American journal of psychiatry , 166 ( 6 ) : 642 – 645 .
  • Karpinski , A. 2004 . Measuring self-esteem using the implicit association test: the role of the other . Personality and social psychology bulletin , 30 : 22 – 34 .
  • Kayser , B. , Mauron , A. and Miah , A. 2007 . Current anti-doping policy: a critical appraisal . BMC medical ethics , 8 : 2
  • Kayser , B. and Smith , A.C.T. 2008 . Globalisation of anti-doping: the reverse side of the medal . British medical journal , 337 : a584
  • Kicman , A.T. and Cowan , D.A. 2009 . Subject-based profiling for the detection of testosterone administration in sport . Drug testing and analysis , 1 : 22 – 24 .
  • Kintz , P. 1999 . Testing for anabolic steroids in hair from two bodybuilders . Forensic science international , 101 : 209 – 216 .
  • Kirkwood , K. 2009 . Considering harm reduction as the future of doping control. Policy in international sport . Quest , 61 : 180 – 190 .
  • Koole , S.L. , Dijksterhuis , A. and van Knippenberg , A. 2001 . What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self . Journal of personality and social psychology , 80 : 669 – 685 .
  • Laure , P. and Reinsberger , H. 1995 . Doping and high-level endurance walkers. Knowledge and representation of a prohibited practise . Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness , 35 : 228 – 231 .
  • Lavis , J. 2003 . Measuring the impact of health research . Journal of health services research and policy , 8 : 165 – 170 .
  • Legerwood , D.M. 2008 . Comparison between self-report and hair analysis of illicit drug use in a community sample of middle-aged men . Addictive behaviour , 33 : 1131 – 1139 .
  • Lensvelt-Mulders , G.J.L.M. , Hox , J.J. and van der Heijden , P.G.M. 2005a . How to improve the efficiency of randomised response designs . Quality & quantity , 39 : 253 – 265 .
  • Lensvelt-Mulders , G.J.L.M. 2005b . Meta-analysis of randomized response research. Thirty-five years of validation . Sociological methods and research , 33 ( 3 ) : 319 – 348 .
  • Lentillon-Kaestner , V. and Brissoneau , C. 2009 . Appropriation progressive de la culture du dopage dans le cyclisme [Progressive appropriation of the culture of doping in cycling] . Deviance and society , 4 ( 33 ) doi: 10.3917/ds.334.0519
  • Lentillon-Kaestner , V. and Carstairs , C. 2009 . Doping use among young elite cyclists: a qualitative psychosociological approach . Scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports , 2 ( 2 ) : 336 – 345 .
  • Lentillon-Kaestner , V. and Ohl , F. 2010 . Can we measure accurately the prevalence of doping? . Scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports , doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838. 2010. 01199.x.
  • Lippi , G. 2008a . New strategies for doping control . Journal of sport sciences , 26 : 441 – 445 .
  • Lippi , G. , Franchini , M. and Guidi , G.C. 2008b . Doping in competition or doping in sport? . British medical bulletin , 86 : 95 – 107 .
  • Lippi , G. , Banfi , G. and Franchini , M. 2009 . The international anti-doping system: why it might not work . Clinica chimica acta , 408 ( 1–2 ) : 141 – 142 .
  • Lotz , S. and Hagemann , N. 2007 . Using the implicit association test to measure athlete's attitude toward doping . Journal of sport and exercise psychology , 29 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 183 – 184 .
  • Lucidi , F. 2004 . Determinants of the intention to use doping substances: an empirical contribution in a sample of Italian adolescents . International journal of sport psychology , 35 ( 2 ) : 133 – 148 .
  • Lucidi , F. 2008 . The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents’ use of doping substances . Journal of sports sciences , 26 ( 5 ) : 447 – 456 .
  • Mazanov , J. 2008 . Towards an empirical model of performance enhancing supplement use: a pilot study among high performance UK athletes . Journal of science and medicine in sport , 11 : 185 – 190 .
  • Mazanov , J. and Connor , J. 2010 . Rethinking the management of drugs in sport . International journal of sports policy , 2 ( 1 ) : 49 – 63 .
  • Mazanov , J. , Huybers , T. and Connor , J. 2011 . Qualitative evidence of a primary intervention point for elite athlete doping . Journal of science and medicine in sport , 14 ( 2 ) : 106 – 110 .
  • McCrae , R.R. and Costa , P.T. 1983 . Social desirability: more substance than style . Journal of consulting and clinical psychology , 51 ( 6 ) : 882 – 888 .
  • McNamee , M. and Phillips , N. 2011 . Confidentiality, disclosure and doping in sports medicine . British journal of sports medicine , 45 : 174 – 177 .
  • Miller , J.D. 1984 . A new survey technique for studying deviant behavior , The George Washington University . Thesis (PhD)
  • Musshoff , F. 2006 . Results of hair analyses for drugs of abuse and comparison with self-reports and urine tests . Forensic science international , 156 : 118 – 123 .
  • Nuttin , J.M. 1987 . Affective consequences of mere ownership: the name-letter effect in twelve European languages . European journal of social psychology , 15 : 381 – 402 .
  • Park , J.K. 2005 . Governing doped bodies: the World Anti-Doping Agency and the global culture of surveillance . Cultural studies critical methodologies , 5 ( 2 ) : 174 – 188 .
  • Paulhus , D.L. 1984 . Two-component models of socially desirable responding . Journal of personality and social psychology , 46 : 598 – 609 .
  • Paulhus , D.L. 2002 . “ Socially desirable responding: the evolution of a concept ” . In The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement , Edited by: Braun , H.I. , Jackson , D.N. and Wiley , D.E. 49 – 69 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Paulhus , D.L. and Vazire , S. 2010 . “ The self-report method ” . In Handbook of research methods in personality psychology , Edited by: Robins , R.W. , Fraley , R.C. and Kruger , R.F. 224 – 239 . New York : Guilford .
  • Payne , B.K. and Gawronski , B. 2010 . “ A history of implicit social cognition: Where is it coming from? Where is it going? ” . In Handbook of implicit social cognition: measurement, theory, and applications , Edited by: Gawronski , B. and Payne , K. 1 – 8 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Petroczi , A. 2007 . Attitudes and doping: a structural equation analysis of the relationship between athletes’ attitudes, sport orientation and doping behaviour . Substance abuse, treatment, prevention, and policy , 2 : 34
  • Petroczi , A. 2007a . Performance enhancement with supplements: incongruence between rationale and practice . Journal of the international society of sports nutrition , 4 : 19
  • Petroczi , A. 2007b . Limited agreement exists between rationale and practice in athletes’ supplement use for maintenance of health: a retrospective study . Nutrition journal , 6 : 34
  • Petroczi , A. and Aidman , E.V. 2008 . Psychological drivers in doping: the life-cycle model of performance enhancement . Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy , 3 : 7
  • Petroczi , A. and Naughton , D.P. 2008a . The age-gender-status profile of high performing athletes in the UK taking nutritional supplements: lessons for the future . Journal of the international society of sports nutrition , 5 : 2
  • Petroczi , A. and Naughton , D.P. 2008b . Popular drugs in sport: descriptive analysis of the enquiries made via the Drug Information Database (DIDTM) . British journal of sport medicine , 43 : 811 – 817 .
  • Petroczi , A. 2008a . Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes: fallacies of advice regarding efficacy . Journal of the international society of sports nutrition , 5 : 22
  • Petroczi , A. , Aidman , E.V. and Nepusz , T. 2008b . Capturing doping attitudes by self-report declarations and implicit assessment: a methodology study . Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy , 3 : 9
  • Petróczi , A. 2008c . Comfort in big numbers: false Consensus in hypothetical performance enhancing situations . Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology , 3 : 19
  • Petroczi , A. and Aidman , E.V. 2009 . Measuring explicit attitude as an indicator of athletes’ engagement in doping: review of the psychometric properties of the performance enhancement attitude scale . Psychology of sport and exercise , 10 : 390 – 396 .
  • Petroczi , A. and Naughton , D.P. 2010 . Potentially fatal trend in performance enhancement: a cautionary note on nitrite . Journal of the international society of sports nutrition , 7 : 25
  • Petróczi , A. 2010a . Virtue or pretense? Looking behind self-declared innocence in doping . PLoS one , 5 ( 5 ) : e10457
  • Petroczi , A. 2010b . Initiator or consequence: the relationship between perceived use of doping by others and behaviour . Journal of science and medicine in sport , 12 ( Suppl. 2 ) : e219
  • Petróczi , A. 2010c . Incongruence in doping related attitudes, beliefs and opinions in the context of discordant behavioural data: In which measure do we trust? . PLoS one , 6 ( 4 ) : e18804
  • Petróczi , A. , Mazanov , J. and Naughton , D.P. 2011 . Inside athletes’ minds: preliminary results from a pilot study on mental representation of doping (unpublished manuscript)
  • Petróczi , A. and Nepusz , T. 2011 . Methodological considerations regarding response bias effect in substance use research: Is correlation sufficient? . Substance abuse, treatment, prevention, and policy , 6 : 1
  • Pitsch , W. , Emrich , E. and Klein , M. 2007 . Doping in elite sports in Germany: results of a www survey . European journal of sport society , 4 : 89 – 102 .
  • Pitsch , W. 2009 . “The science of doping” revisited: fallacies of the current anti-doping regime . European journal of sport science , 9 ( 2 ) : 87 – 95 .
  • Podsakoff , P.M. 2003 . Common method biases in behavioural research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies . Journal of applied psychology , 88 ( 5 ) : 879 – 903 .
  • Potsch , L. , Skopp , G. and Moeller , M.R. 1997 . Biochemical approach on the conservation of drug molecules during hair fiber formation . Forensic science international , 84 : 25 – 35 .
  • Ranby , K.W. 2009 . A mediation analysis of the ATHENA intervention for female athletes: prevention of athletic-enhancing substance use and unhealthy weight loss behaviors . Journal of pediatric psychology , 34 ( 10 ) : 1069 – 1083 .
  • Rasinski , K.A. 2005 . Using implicit goal priming to improve the quality of self-report data . Journal of experimental social psychology , 41 : 321 – 327 .
  • Robins , R.W. , Hendin , H.M. and Trzesniewski , K.H. 2001 . Measuring global self-esteem: construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale . Personality and social psychology bulletin , 27 : 151 – 161 .
  • Rushall , B.S. and Jones , M. 2006 . The anti-drugs-in-sport movement: causes for concern . International journal of sport science and coaching , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
  • Sas-Nowosielski , K. and Swiatkowska , L. 2007 . The knowledge of the world anti-doping code among Polish athletes and their attitudes toward doping and anti-doping . Human movement , 8 ( 1 ) : 57 – 64 .
  • Sas-Nowosielski , K. and Swiatkowska , L. 2008 . Goal orientations and attitudes toward doping . International journal of sports medicine , 29 ( 7 ) : 607 – 612 .
  • Savulescu , J. , Foddy , B. and Clayton , M. 2004 . Why we should allow performance enhancing drugs in sport . British journal of sports medicine , 38 : 666 – 670 .
  • Schanzer , W. 1996 . Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids . Clinical chemistry , 42 : 1001 – 1020 .
  • Schirlin , O. 2009 . Attentional bias for doping words and its relation with physical self-esteem in young adolescents . Psychology of sport and exercise , 10 ( 6 ) : 618 – 620 .
  • Schnabel , K. , Asendorpf , J.B. and Greenwald , A.G. 2008 . Assessment of individual differences in implicit cognition . European journal of psychological assessment , 24 : 210 – 217 .
  • Schulze , J.J. 2008 . Doping test results dependent on genotype of uridine diphospho-glucuronosyl transferase 2B17, the major enzyme for testosterone glucuronidation . Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism , 93 ( 7 ) : 2500 – 2506 .
  • Simon , P. 2006 . Doping in fitness sports: estimated number of unreported cases and individual probability of doping . Addiction , 101 ( 11 ) : 1640 – 1644 .
  • Slot, O., 2009. Cost hits £300m to stop cheats prospering [online]. The Times, 18 March. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/owen_slot/article5926960.ece (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/owen_slot/article5926960.ece) (Accessed: 30 November 2010 ).
  • Smith , A.C.T. and Stewart , B. 2008 . Drug policy in sport: hidden assumptions and inherent contradictions . Drug and alcohol review , 27 ( 2 ) : 123 – 129 .
  • Smith , A.C.T. 2010 . Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport . Sport management review , 13 : 181 – 197 .
  • Sobell , L.C. and Sobell , M.B. 1992 . “ Timeline follow-back: a technique for assessing self-reported ethanol consumption ” . In Measuring alcohol consumption: psychosocial and biological methods , Edited by: Allen , J. and Litten , R.Z. 41 – 72 . Totowa , NJ : Humana Press .
  • Sobell , L.C. 1996 . The reliability of the alcohol timeline followback when administered by telephone and by computer . Drug and alcohol dependency , 42 : 49 – 54 .
  • Sottas , P.E. , Saqugy , M. and Saudan , C. 2010 . Endogenous steroid profiling in the athlete biological passport . Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America , 39 : 59 – 73 .
  • Spalding , L.R. and Hardin , C.D. 1999 . Unconscious unease and self-handicapping: behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem . Psychological science , 10 : 535 – 539 .
  • Sriram , N. and Greenwald , A.G. 2009 . The brief implicit association test . Experimental psychology , 56 : 283 – 294 .
  • Stewart , B. and Smith , A. 2010 . Player and athlete attitudes to drugs in Australian sport: implications for policy development . International journal of sport policy , 2 ( 1 ) : 65 – 84 .
  • Strack , F. and Deutsch , R. 2004 . Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior . Personality and social psychology review , 8 : 220 – 247 .
  • Strelan , P. and Boeckmann , R.J. 2006 . Why drug testing in elite sport does not work: perceptual deterrence theory and the role of personal moral beliefs . Journal of applied social psychology , 36 ( 12 ) : 2909 – 2934 .
  • Striegel , H. , Ulrich , R. and Simon , P. 2010 . Randomised response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes . Drug and alcohol dependence , 106 : 230 – 232 .
  • Strulik, H., 2008. Riding high – success in sports and the rise of doping cultures [online]. Discussion paper no. 372, available at Social Science Research Network (SSRN). http://ssrn.com/abstract=1009826 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1009826) (Accessed: 21 October 2010 ).
  • Tamburini , C. 2006 . Are doping sanctions justified? A moral realistic view . Sport in society , 9 ( 2 ) : 199 – 211 .
  • Tourangeau , R. and Yan , T. 2007 . Sensitive questions in surveys . Psychology bulletin , 133 : 859 – 883 .
  • Trout , G.J. and Kazlauskas , R. 2004 . Sports drug testing – an analyst's perspective . Chemical society reviews , 33 ( 1 ) : 1 – 13 .
  • Turgeon , D. 2003 . Glucuronidation activity of the UGT2B17 enzyme toward xenobiotics . Drug metabolism and disposition , 31 : 670 – 676 .
  • Uvacsek , M. 2010 . Teljesítményfokozó szerek, táplálék-kiegészítők és társasági drogok használatának jelenléte magyar sportoló fiatalok körében [in Hungarian, The use of performance enhancing drugs, nutritional supplements and recreational drugs among young Hungarian athletes] . Sporttudomanyi szemle , 11 ( 44 ) : 20 – 23 .
  • Uvacsek , M. 2011 . Self-admitted behaviour and perceived use of performance enhancing versus psychoactive drugs among competitive athletes . Scandinavian journal of science and medicine in sport , 21 ( 2 ) : 224 – 234 .
  • Uziel , L. 2010 . Rethinking social desirability scales: from impression management to interpersonally oriented self-control . Perspectives on psychological sciences , 5 : 243
  • van den Hout , A. and Klugkist , I. 2009 . Accounting for non-compliance in the analysis of randomized response data . Australian & New Zealand journal of statistics , 51 ( 3 ) : 353 – 372 .
  • Vangrunderbeek , H. and Tolleneer , J. 2010 . Student attitudes toward doping in sport: shifting from repression to tolerance? . International review for the sociology of sport , doi: 10. 1177/1012690210380579
  • WADA Financial Statement. 2009. [online] http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/About_WADA/Funding/WADA_FinancialStatements_2009_EN.pdf (http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/About_WADA/Funding/WADA_FinancialStatements_2009_EN.pdf) (Accessed: 2 December 2010 ).
  • WADA Laboratory Statistics. 2009. [online] http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Anti-Doping_Laboratories/Lab_Statistics/WADA_2009_LaboratoryStatisticsReport_Final.pdf (http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Anti-Doping_Laboratories/Lab_Statistics/WADA_2009_LaboratoryStatisticsReport_Final.pdf) (Accessed: 2 December 2010 ).
  • WADA Working Group on Anti-Doping Costs. 2006. [online] http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/About_WADA/Funding/WADA_ReportWorkingGroupCosts_EN.pdf (http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/About_WADA/Funding/WADA_ReportWorkingGroupCosts_EN.pdf) (Accessed: 2 December 2010 ).
  • Wanjek , B. 2007 . Doping, drugs and drug abuse among adolescents in the state of Thuringia (Germany): prevalence, knowledge and attitudes . International journal of sports medicine , 28 ( 4 ) : 346 – 353 .
  • Warner , S.L. 1965 . Randomized response: a survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias . Journal of the American statistical association , 60 ( 309 ) : 63 – 69 .
  • Weiss , A.P. 2007 . Measuring the impact of medical research: moving from outputs to outcomes . American journal of psychiatry , 164 : 206 – 214 .
  • Wiefferink , C.H. 2008 . Social psychological determinants of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by gym users . Health education research , 23 : 70 – 80 .
  • Wilson , T.D. and Dunn , E.W. 2004 . Self-knowledge: its limits, value, and potential for improvement . Annual review of psychology , 55 : 493 – 518 .
  • Yesalis , C. 1990 . Athletes’ projections of anabolic steroid use . Clinical journal of sport medicine , 2 : 155 – 171 .
  • You , L. 2004 . Steroid hormone biotransformation and xenobiotic induction of hepatic steroid metabolizing enzymes . Chemico-biological interactions , 147 : 233 – 246 .
  • Yu , Y-W. , Tian , G-L. and Tang , M-L. 2008 . Two new models for survey sampling with sensitive characteristics: design and analysis . Metrika , 67 : 251 – 263 .
  • Yudko , E. , Lozkhina , O. and Fouts , A. 2007 . A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the drug abuse screening test . Journal of substance abuse and treatment , 32 : 189 – 198 .
  • Zelli , A. , Mallia , L. and Lucidi , F. 2010 . The contribution of interpersonal appraisals to a social-cognitive analysis of adolescents’ doping use . Psychology of sport and exercise , 11 ( 4 ) : 304 – 311 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.