References
- Aven, B. 2012. The Effects of Corruption on Organizational Networks and Individual Behavior. Research Showcase @ CMU 7-2012. Tepper School of Business, US.
- Babiak, K., 2007. Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: the Case of a Canadian Nonprofit Sport Organization. Journal of Sport Management, 21 (3), 338–376. doi:10.1123/jsm.21.3.338
- Bahamas news. 2011. Bahamian Blows Whistle On FIFA Corruption [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.bahamasb2b.com/news/2011/05/bahamian-blows-whistle-on-fifa-corruption-9044.html. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Baker, W. and Faulkner, R., 1993. The Social Organization of Conspiracy: illegal Networks in the Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry. American Sociological Review, 58 (6), 837–860. doi:10.2307/2095954
- Baland, J. and Robinson, J., 2008. Land and Power: theory and Evidence from Chile. American Economic Review, 98 (5), 1737–1765. doi:10.1257/aer.98.5.1737
- Baldwin. 2012. Power and International Relations. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.princeton.edu/~dbaldwin/selected%20articles/Baldwin%20(2012)%20Power%20and%20International%20Relations.pdf. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Bayle, E. and Rayner, H., 2018. Sociology of a scandal: the emergence of ‘FIFAgate’. Soccer & Society, 19 (4), 593–611. doi:10.1080/14660970.2016.1228591
- BBC. 2017. Egyptian Hany Abo Rida’s Fifa election under scrutiny. [Online] Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41265892. [Accessed 20 June 2018
- Becker, R., 2013. World cup 2026 now accepting bribes: a fundamental transformation of FIFA’s world cup bid process. The International Sports Law Journal, 13 (1), 132. doi:10.1007/s40318-013-0011-7
- Blake, H. and Calvert, J., 2016. The Ugly Game: the Qatari Plot to Buy the World Cup. London, UK: Simon & Schuster Ltd.
- Bonacich, P., 1987. Power and centrality: A family of measures’. American Journal of Sociology, 92 (5), 1170–1182. doi:10.1086/228631
- Bond, A.J., Widdop, P., and Chadwick, S., 2018. Football’s emerging market trade network: ego network approach to world systems theory. Managing Sport and Leisure: Football Business and Management, 23 (1–2), 70–91.
- Bond, A.J.J., Widdop, P., and Parnell, D., 2019. Topological network properties of the European football loan system. European Sport Management Quarterly. 1–24. doi:10.1080/16184742.2019.1673460
- Borgatti, S.P., 2005. Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27 (1), 55–71. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008
- Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G., and And Freeman, L.C., 2002. UCINET for Windows: software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
- Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G., and Johnson, J.C., 2018. Analyzing social networks (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Boudreaux, C.J., Karahan, G., and Coats, M., 2016. Bend it like FIFA: corruption on and off the pitch. Managerial Finance, 42 (9), 866–878. doi:10.1108/MF-01-2016-0012
- Brass, D., Butterfield, K., and Skaggs, B., 1998. Relationships and Unethical Behavior: A Social Network Perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 23 (1), 14–31. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.192955
- Burt, R., 1995. Structural Holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Burt, R., 2004. Structural Holes and Good Ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110 (2), 349–399. doi:10.1086/421787
- Burt, R. and Knez, M., 1995. Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust. Rationality and Society, 7 (3), 255–292. doi:10.1177/1043463195007003003
- Cepaluni, G., Galdino, M., and de Oliviera, A.J., 2012. The Bigger, the Better: coalitions in the GATT/WTO. Brazilian Political Science Review, 6 (2), 28–55. doi:10.1590/S1981-38212012000200002
- Coleman, J., 1988. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120. doi:10.1086/228943
- Costa, J., 2016. Actors, structures and norms of corruption: the network of the Big Events in the Italian Case. Department of Cultures, Politics and Society. Turin, Italy: University of Turin.
- Dahl, R.A., 1957. The concept of power. Behavioural Science, 2 (3), 201–215. doi:10.1002/bs.3830020303
- Das, T. and Teng, B., 1998. Between Trust and Control: developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances. The Academy of Management Review, 23 (3), 491–512. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.926623
- Dorsey, J., 2015. Asian Football: A Cesspool of Government Interference, Struggles for Power, Corruption, and Greed. International Journal of The History Of Sport, 32 (8), 1001–1015. doi:10.1080/09523367.2015.1040222
- Eguia, J., 2007. United we vote. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 9 (4), 607–639. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00322.x
- Emirbayer, M., 1997. Manifesto for a relational sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 103 (2), 281–317. doi:10.1086/231209
- ESPN. 2011. Sepp Blatter escapes as Jack Warner, Mohammed Bin Hammam suspended. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.espnfc.com/story/924368/sepp-blatter-escapes-as-jack-warner-mohammed-bin-hammam-suspended. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- ESPN. 2017. Sierra Leone FA president Isha Johansen charged with corruption. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.espn.com/soccer/sierra-leone/story/3251387/sierra-leone-fa-president-isha-johansen-charged-with-corruption. [Accessed 20 June 2018
- ESPN. 2018. Congo FA president Constant Omari arrested on corruption charges. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.espn.com/soccer/congo-dr/story/3461835/congo-fa-president-constant-omari-arrested-on-corruption-charges [Accessed 20 June 2018].
- Everett, M. and Borgatti, S.P., 2005. Extending Centrality. In: P.J. Carrington, J. Scott, and S. Wassermann, eds.. Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 57–76.
- Everett, M. and Valente, T., 2016. Bridging, brokerage and betweenness. Social Networks, 44, 202–208. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2015.09.001
- FIFA 2011. FIFA Disciplinary Code 2011 Edition. [Online] Retrieved from: http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/50/02/75/discoinhalte.pdf. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- FIFA. 2016. Draft FIFA Statutes Extraordinary Congress 2016. [Online] Retrieved from: http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/bodies/02/74/76/37/draftfifastatutesextraordinarycongress2016en_neutral.pdf. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- FIFA Media Release. 2011. Appeal Committee confirms Ethics Committee decision on Bin Hammam. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2011/m=9/news=appeal-committee-confirms-ethics-committee-decision-bin-hammam-1511253.html. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Gans-Morse, J., Mazzuca, S., and Nichter, S. 2009. Who gets bought? Vote buying, turnout buying, and other strategies, Working paper No. 09-0006, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
- Gingerich, D. and Medina, L., 2013. The Endurance and Eclipse of the Controlled Vote: A Formal Model of Vote Brokerage Under the Secret Ballot. Economics & Politics, 25 (3), 453–480.
- Goal. 2018. Kwesi Nyantakyi banned by Fifa over ‘corruption’ allegations. [Online] Retrieved from: https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/kwesi-nyantakyi-banned-by-fifa-over-corruption-allegations/k6ebefda5xcs1bsodtbkq4loi. [Accessed 20 June 2018]
- Goffman, E., 1970. Strategic Interaction. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Gould, R. and Fernandez, R., 1989. Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transaction Networks. Sociological Methodology, 19, 89–126. doi:10.2307/270949
- Granovetter, M., 1992. Problems of explanation in economic sociology. In: N. Nohria and R.G. Eccles, eds.. Networks and organizations: structure, form, and action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 25–56.
- Granovetter, M., 2002. A Theoretical Agenda for Economic Sociology. In: M.F. Guillén, et al., eds.. The New Economic Sociology: developments in an Emerging Field. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 35–60.
- Gulati, R. and Gargiulo, M., 1999. Where do interorganizational networks come from? American Journal of Sociology, 104 (5), 1439–1493. doi:10.1086/210179
- Han, S.-K., 2009. The Other Ride of Paul Revere: the Brokerage Role in the making of the American Revolution. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 14 (2), 143–162. doi:10.17813/maiq.14.2.g360870167085210
- Hanneman, R.A. and Riddle, M., 2014. A Brief Introduction to Analyzing Social Network Data. In: J. Scott and P.J. Carrington, eds.. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd, 331–339.
- Hanneman, R.A. and Riddle, M. 2005. Introduction to social network methods. Riverside, CA: University of California, Riverside (published in digital form at http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/)
- Hardin, R., 2004. Distrust. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
- Hart, S. and Kurz, M., 1983. Endogenous Formation of Coalitions. Econometrica, 51 (4), 1047–1064. doi:10.2307/1912051
- Hellmann, O. 2015. The Institutionalisation of Corruption: the Neglected Role of Power. Paper prepared for the 65th PSA Annual International Conference. Sheffield, UK. April 2015. Retreived online from: https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2015/Hellmann%20PSA%202015.pdf
- Hölzen, M. and Meier, H.E., 2019. Do Football Consumers Care About Sport Governance? An Analysis of Social Media Responses to the Recent FIFA Scandal. Journal of Global Sport Management: Sport Integrity: Ethics, Policy and Practice, 4 (1), 97–120. doi:10.1080/24704067.2018.1432983
- Inside World Football. 2018. OFC calls in lawyers as depth of Chung’s suspected corruption becomes public. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.insideworldfootball.com/2018/04/09/ofc-calls-lawyers-depth-chungs-suspected-corruption-becomes-public/. [Accessed 20 June 2018
- Insightcrime. 2015. The LatAm Soccer Officials Implicated in Latest FIFA Scandal. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.insightcrime.org/component/content/article?id=7310:the-latam-officials-implicated-in-fifa-latest-scandal [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Jennings, A., 2006. Foul! - The Secret World of FIFA: bribes, Vote Rigging and Ticket Scandals. London, UK: HarperCollins.
- Jennings, A., 2011. Investigating corruption in corporate sport: the IOC and FIFA. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46 (4), 387–398. doi:10.1177/1012690211408845
- Jennings, A., 2016. The Dirty Game – uncovering the scandal at FIFA. London, UK: Arrow Books.
- Keohane, R. and Nye Joseph, S., 2012. Power and interdependence (4.th ed., Longman classics in political science). Boston, MA: Longman.
- Koschade, S., 2006. A Social Network Analysis of Jemaah Islamiyah: the Applications to Counterterrorism and Intelligence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29 (6), 559–575. doi:10.1080/10576100600798418
- Krackhardt, D. and Stern, R.N., 1988. Informal networks and organizational crises: an experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51 (2), 123–140. doi:10.2307/2786835
- Labiba Abdel, N.I., 2017. Managing the Reputation of the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA): the case of the corruption crisis. Public Relations Journal, 11, 2.
- Lambsdorff, J., 2002. How Confidence Facilitates Illegal Transactions: an Empirical Approach. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61 (4), 829–853. doi:10.1111/1536-7150.00194
- Macho-Stadler, I., Pérez-Castrillo, D., and Porteiro, N., 2006. Sequential Formation of Coalitions Through Bilateral Agreements in a Cournot Setting. International Journal of Game Theory, 34 (2), 207–228. doi:10.1007/s00182-006-0017-6
- Mayer, R., Davis, J., and Schoorman, F., 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20 (3), 709–734. doi:10.5465/amr.1995.9508080335
- McAdam, D., Tarrow, S.G., and Tilly, C., 2001. Dynamics of contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Morgan, J. and Várdy, F., 2012. Negative Vote Buying and the Secret Ballot. The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 28 (4), 818–849. doi:10.1093/jleo/ewq016
- Morgenthau, H.J., 1964. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace, 3rd edn. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Mullins, S., 2013. Social network analysis and counter-terrorism: measures of centrality as an investigative tool. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression: Applying Social Network Analysis to Terrorism, 5 (2), 115–136.
- Nagel, J., 1975. The Descriptive Analysis of Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Naraine, M.L. and Parent, M.M., 2016. Illuminating Centralized Users in the Social Media Ego Network of Two National Sport Organizations. Journal Of Sport Management, 30 (6), 689–701.
- Nixon, H.L.I.I., 1993. Social Network Analysis of Sport - Emphasizing Social-Structure in Sport Sociology. Sociology Of Sport Journal, 10 (3), 315–321. doi:10.1123/ssj.10.3.315
- Pecorino, P. and Temimi, A., 2008. The Group Size Paradox Revisited. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 10 (5), 785–799. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2008.00386.x
- Pielke, R., 2013. How can FIFA be held accountable? Sport Management Review, 16 (3), 255–267. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.007
- Podolny, J.M. and Baron, J.N., 1997. Resources and Relationships: social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace. American Sociological Review, 62 (5), 673–693. doi:10.2307/2657354
- Provan, K.G., 1983. The federation as an interorganizational linkage network. Academy of Management Review, 8 (1), 79–89. doi:10.5465/amr.1983.4287668
- Provan, K.G., Fish, A., and Sydow, J., 2007. Interorganizational networks at the network level: A review of the empirical literature on whole networks. Journal of Management, 33 (3), 479–516. doi:10.1177/0149206307302554
- Quatman, C. and Chelladurai, P., 2008. Social network theory and analysis: A complementary lens for inquiry. Journal of Sport Management, 22 (3), 338–360.
- Report, B. 2017. Angel Maria Villar Resigns from UEFA Vice Presidency Amid Corruption Allegations. [Online] Retrieved from: https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2724077-angel-maria-villar-resigns-from-uefa-vice-presidency-amid-corruption-allegations. [Accessed 20 June 2018
- Reuters. 2013. Exclusive: FBI has cooperating witness for soccer fraud probe: sources | reuters. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fbi-soccer-idUSBRE92Q11820130327. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Rowe, D. 2017. Sports journalism and the FIFA scandal: Personalization, co-optation, and investigation. Communication & Sport, 5 (5), 515–533. doi:10.1177/2167479516642206
- Rowley, T., et al., 2004. Competing in groups. Managerial and Decision Economics, 25 (6–7), 453–471.
- Santos, R. 2007. Bogotá: the collapse of a political machine. CEDE Working Paper 2007–15. Universidad de los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia.
- Scott, 2017. Social network analysis (4th ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Stokes, S., 2005. Perverse accountability: a formal model of machine politics with evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 99 (3), 315–325. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051683
- Sugden, J. and Tomlinson, A., 1998. FÌFA and the contest for world football: who rules the people’s game? Oxford: Polity Press.
- Täube, V.G., 2004. Measuring the Social Capital of Brokerage Roles. Connections, 26 (1), 29–52.
- The Guardian. 2014. Qataris paid Fifa official $1.2m after World Cup bid win, documents claim | football | the Guardian. [Online] Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/mar/18/qatar-fifa-jack-warner-world-cup [Accessed 15 January 2017
- The Telegraph. 2014. Qatar World Cup 2022 investigation: former Fifa vice-president Jack Warner and family paid millions - Telegraph. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10704290/Qatar-World-Cup-2022-investigation-former-Fifa-vice-president-Jack-Warner-and-family-paid-millions.html. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- The Telegraph. 2015. FIFA crisis as it happened: sepp Blatter could be questioned within weeks, say Swiss as new revelations emerge - Telegraph. [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11633252/Fifa-crisis-live-South-Africa-World-Cup-bid-and-Sepp-Blatter-election-were-corrupt-FBI-alleges.html. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Todeva, E. and Knoke, D., 2005. Strategic alliances and models of collaboration. Management Decision, 43 (1), 123–148. doi:10.1108/00251740510572533
- Tomlinson, A., 2014. FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association): the men, the myths and the money. New York: Routledge.
- US Department of Justice. 2015. Nine FIFA Officials and Five Corporate Executives Indicted for Racketeering Conspiracy and Corruption | OPA | department of Justice. [Online] Retrieved from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nine-fifa-officials-and-five-corporate-executives-indicted-racketeering-conspiracy-and. [Accessed 15 January 2017
- Waltz, K.N., 1986. Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics’. In: R.O. Keohane, ed.. Neorealism and Its Critics. New York: Columbia University Press, 322–345.
- Warburton, J., 2001. Corruption as a Social Process: from Dyads to Networks. In: P. Larmour and N. Wolanin, eds. Corruption and Anti-Corruption. Canberra, Australia: Asia-Pacific Press, 221–237.
- Warburton, J. 2006. Driving to anti-corruption utopia without a roadmap. Assessing the theoretical basis for Corruption Prevention Strategies of Global Institutions. Draft paper for ECPR anti-corruption workshop 25 April – 30 April 2006.
- Wäsche, H., 2015. Interorganizational cooperation in sport tourism: A social network analysis. Sport Management Review, 18 (4), 542–554. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.003
- Wäsche, H. and Woll, A., 2013. Managing regional sports tourism networks: a network perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13 (4), 404–442. doi:10.1080/16184742.2013.811608
- Waugh, D. 2009. Oceania Football Confederation: The Impact of Affiliate Disaffiliation in the Inter-Organizational Dynamics of a Federated Network, Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Business and Law. Dissertation.
- Wellman, B., 1988. Structural analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance. In: B. Wellman and S.D. Berkowitz, eds.. Social structures: a network approach. New York: Cambridge University Press, 19–55.
- Yallop, D., 2011. How They Stole the Game. London, UK: Constable & Robinson.
- Zey-Ferrell, M. and Ferrell, O.C., 1982. Role-Set Configuration and Opportunity as Predictors of Unethical Behavior in Organizations. Human Relations, 35 (7), 587–604. doi:10.1177/001872678203500707