Membership of English sport clubs: A dynamic panel data analysis of the trickle-down effect

References

• Arellano, M. and Bond, S., 1991. Some tests of specification for panel data: monte carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277–297. doi:10.2307/2297968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell, R. and Bond, S., 1998. Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1), 115–143. doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell, R.S. and Bond, S., 2000. GMM estimation with persistent panel data: an application to production functions. Econometric Reviews, 19 (3), 321–340. doi:10.1080/07474930008800475
   Google Scholar
• Blundell, R.S., Bond, S., and Windmeijer, F., 2000. Estimation in dynamic panel data models: improving on the performance of the standard GMM estimator. Advances in Econometrics, 15, 53–91.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, S.R., 2002. Dynamic panel data models: a guide to micro data methods and practice. Portuguese Economic Journal, 1 (2), 141–162. doi:10.1007/s10258-002-0009-9
   Google Scholar
• Borland, J., 2003. Demand for sport. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19 (4), 478–502. doi:10.1093/oxrep/19.4.478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer, C. and Feiler, S., 2015. Sport Development Report 2013/2014. Analysis of the situation of sports clubs in Germany. Abbreviated Version. Cologne, Germany: Sportverlag Strauß.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno, G.S.F., 2005. Estimation and inference in dynamic unbalanced panel-data models with a small number of individuals. The Stata journal, 5 (4), 473–500. doi:10.1177/1536867X0500500401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabinet Office, 2002. Game Plan: a strategy for delivering Government’s sport and physical activity objectives. London: Cabinet Office.
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., 2006. Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11 (2), 109–127. doi:10.1080/14775080601155126
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, P., 2019. Participation and Demonstration Effects: ‘Couch Potatoes to Runner Beans’? In: P. Downward, et al., eds.. The SAGE Handbook of Sports Economics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 405–414.
   Google Scholar
• DCMS, 2003. Olympics. Government Response to ‘A London Olympic Bid for 2012ʹ. (HC 268), June 2003. The Stationary Office, Norwich.
   Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., Sotiriadou, P., and van Bottenburg, M., 2013. Scrutinizing the sport pyramid metaphor: an examination of the relationship between elite success and mass participation in Flanders. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 5 (3), 319–339. doi:10.1080/19406940.2013.806340
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., 2007. Exploring the economic choice to participate in sport: results from the 2002 General Household Survey. International Review of Applied Economics, 21 (5), 633–653. doi:10.1080/02692170701474710
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., Dawson, P. and Mills, T.C., 2016. Sports participation as an investment in (subjective) health: a time series analysis of the life course. Journal of Public Health, 38 (4), e504–e510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DW (2010). German government backs Munich’s 2018 winter Olympics bid. Retrieved 9 December 2019 from https://www.dw.com/en/german-government-backs-munichs-2018-winter-olympics-bid/a-6187758
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Villaverde, J. and Krueger, D., 2007. Consumption over the life cycle: facts from consumer expenditure survey data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89 (3), 552–565. doi:10.1162/rest.89.3.552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frawley, S. and Cush, A., 2011. Major sport events and participation legacy: the case of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Managing Leisure, 16 (1), 65–76. doi:10.1080/13606719.2011.532605
   Google Scholar
• Frick, B. and Wicker, P., 2016. The trickle-down effect: how elite sporting success affects amateur participation in German football. Applied Economics Letters, 23 (4), 259–263. doi:10.1080/13504851.2015.1068916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government, H.M., 2015. Sporting future: A new strategy for an active nation. Retrieved 9 December 2019, from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/486622/Sporting_Future_ACCESSIBLE.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Grix, J. and Carmichael, F., 2012. Why do governments invest in elite sport? A polemic. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4 (1), 73–90. doi:10.1080/19406940.2011.627358
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., et al., 2010. Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K., Feiler, S., and Breuer, C., 2015. Design and delivery of sport for all programmes: should it be market, non-profit, or state-run? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7 (4), 565–585. doi:10.1080/19406940.2015.1088051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, L.P., 1982. Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica, 50 (4), 1029–1054. doi:10.2307/1912775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanstad, D. and Skille, E., 2010. Does elite sport develop mass sport? Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum, 1, 51–68.
   Google Scholar
• Hindson, A., Gidlow, B., and Peebles, C., 1994. The trickle down effect of top level sport: myth or reality? A case study of the Olympics. Australia Journal of Leisure Recreation, 4, 16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, K. and Norton, K., 2000. The ‘price’ of Olympic Gold. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 3 (2), 203–218. doi:10.1016/S1440-2440(00)80082-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsiao, C., 2003. Analysis of panel data. 2nd. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kokolakakis, T., Lera-Lopez, F., and Ramchandani, G., 2019. Did London 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy? Sport Management Review, 22 (2), 276–287. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokolakakis, T., Pappous, A.S., and Meadows, S., 2015. The Impact of the free swimming programme in a local community in the South East of England: giving with one hand, taking away with the other. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (4), 4461–4480. doi:10.3390/ijerph120404461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, H., et al., 2018. Sport participation: from policy, through facilities, to users’ health, well-being, and social capital. Sport Management Review, 21 (5), 549–562. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, H., et al., 2019. Means as well as ends: some critical insights for UK sport policy on the impact of facility ownership and configuration on sports participation. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11 (3), 415–432. doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1522660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lera-López, F. and Marco, R., 2018. Sports participation, physical activity, and health in the European regions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36 (15), 1784–1791. doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1418810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyle, J. (2009). Sporting success, role models and participation: A policy related review. Retrieved 9 December 2019, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de53/da58542258a0e51579417caa1f8e6a0db039.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mahtani, K., et al., 2013. Can the London 2012 Olympics inspire a generation to do more physical or sporting activities? An overview of systematic reviews doi. British Medical Journal Open, 3 (1). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G., Coleman, R., and Christy, E., 2019. The sport participation legacy of major events in the UK. Health Promotion International, 34 (1), 82–94. doi:10.1093/heapro/dax061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G., Kokolakakis, T., and Coleman, R., 2014. Factors influencing the inspirational effect of major sports events on audience sport participation behaviour. World Leisure Journal, 56 (3), 220–235. doi:10.1080/16078055.2014.938296
   Google Scholar
• Sargan, J.D., 1958. The estimation of economic relationships using instrumental variables. Econometrica, 26 (3), 328–338. doi:10.2307/1907619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotiriadou, K., Shilbury, D., and Quick, S., 2008. The attraction, retention/transition, and nurturing process of sport development: some Australian evidence. Journal of Sport Management, 22 (3), 247–272. doi:10.1123/jsm.22.3.247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed, M., et al., 2015. The Olympic Games and raising sport participation: a systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15 (2), 195–226. doi:10.1080/16184742.2014.998695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimar, D., Wicker, P., and Prinz, J., 2015. Membership in nonprofit sport clubs: A dynamic panel analysis of external organizational factors. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44 (3), 417–436. doi:10.1177/0899764014548425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Breuer, C., and Pawlowski, T., 2009. Promoting sport for all to age-specific target groups: the impact of sport infrastructure. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9 (2), 103–118. doi:10.1080/16184740802571377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P. and Frick, B., 2016a. The inspirational effect of sporting achievements and potential role models in football: a gender-specific analysis. Managing Sport and Leisure, 21 (5), 265–282. doi:10.1080/23750472.2016.1265461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P. and Frick, B., 2016b. Recruitment and retention of referees in nonprofit sport organizations: the trickle-down effect of role models. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27 (3), 1304–1322. doi:10.1007/s11266-016-9705-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., and Breuer, C., 2013. Analyzing the impact of sport infrastructure on sport participation using geo-coded data: evidence from multi-level models. Sport Management Review, 16 (1), 54–67. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windmeijer, F., 2005. A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators. Journal of Econometrics, 126 (1), 25–51. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J.M., 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar