Does relationship quality matter in policy-making? The impact of government-public relationships and residents’ perceptions on their support towards a mega-sport event

References

• Boley, B.B., et al., 2014. Empowerment and resident attitudes toward tourism: strengthening the theoretical foundation through a Weberian lens. Annals of tourism research, 49, 33–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R.W., 1970. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1 (3), 185–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill Jr, G.A., (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 16(1), 64–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, M.A., Leahy, D.H.A., and Jakes, P.J., 2007. Building trust in natural resource management within local communities: a case study of the midewin national tallgrass prairie. Environmental management, 39 (3), 353–368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-006-0016-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M.A. (1984, August). Building theory in public relations: interorganizational relationships. Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Gainesville, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M.A., 2018. Building theory in public relations: interorganizational relationships as a public relations paradigm. Journal of public relations research, 30 (4), 164–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2018.1514810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F., 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18 (1), 39–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredline, E. and Faulkner, B., 2000. Host community reactions: a cluster analysis. Annals of tourism research, 27 (3), 763–784. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00103-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesecke, J.A., and Madden, J.R., (2007). The Sydney Olympics, seven years on: an ex-post dynamic CGE assessment. Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University Working Paper G-168.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M. and Avery, E.J., 2013. Government public relations and social media: an analysis of the perceptions and trends of social media use at the local government level. Public relations journal, 7 (4), 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Grunig, JE., and Hunt, TT., (1984). Managing public relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Grunig, L.A., Grunig, J.E., and Dozier, D., 2002. Excellent public relations and effective organizations: a study of communication management in three countries. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., et al., 2017b. Impact of trust on local residents’ mega-event perceptions and their support. Journal of travel research, 56 (3), 393–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516643415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D. and Kendall, K.W., 2006. Hosting mega events: modeling locals’ support. Annals of tourism research, 33 (3), 603–623. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., Milito, M.C., and Nunkoo, R., 2017a. Residents’ support for a mega-event: the case of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Natal, Brazil. Journal of destination marketing & management, 6 (4), 344–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J.F., Celsi, M., Ortinau, D.J., and Bush, R.P., (2010). Essentials of marketing research (Vol.2). New York, NY: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, H.H. and Wanner, R.A., 2018. Public opinion in Olympic cities: from bidding to retrospection. Urban affairs review, 54 (5), 962–993. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087416684036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hon, L.C. and Grunig, J.E. (1999). Guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. Gold Standard paper published by the Institute for Public Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, H., 2013. Government websites and social media’s influence on government-public relationships. Public relations review, 39 (4), 346–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H., et al., 2016. Social exchange process in collectivistic countries: an examination of sporting events in China. European sport management quarterly, 16 (2), 172–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1135974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y.H., 2001. OPRA: a cross-cultural, multiple-item scale for measuring organization-public relationships. Journal of public relations research, 13 (1), 61–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1301_4
   Google Scholar
• Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., and Williams, D.R., 1997. A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of travel research, 36 (2), 3–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703600202
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, J.A., Manoli, A.E., and Bodet, G., 2018. Brand consistency and coherency at the London 2012 olympic games. Journal of strategic marketing, 26 (1), 6–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2017.1293139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ki, E.J. and Brown, K.A., 2013. The effects of crisis response strategies on relationship quality outcomes. The journal of business communication (1973), 50 (4), 403–420.
   Google Scholar
• Ki, E.J. and Hon, L., 2009. Causal linkages between relationship cultivation strategies and relationship quality outcomes. International journal of strategic communication, 3 (4), 242–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15531180903218630
   Google Scholar
• Ki, E.J. and Hon, L.C., 2007. Testing the linkages among the organization–public relationship and attitude and behavioral intentions. Journal of public relations research, 19 (1), 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ki, E.J. and Hon, L.C., 2012. Causal linkages among relationship quality perception, attitude, and behaviour intention in a membership organization. Corporate communications: an international journal, 17 (2), 187–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281211220274
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H.J., Gursoy, D., and Lee, S.B., 2006. The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: comparisons of pre-and post-games. Tourism Management, 27 (1), 86–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., 2010. Public trust in government in Japan and South Korea: does the rise of critical citizens matter? Public administration review, 70 (5), 801–810. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02207.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, D.W., and Stewart, W.P., (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes fortourism development. Tourism management, 23(5), 521–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, I.K.V. and Wong, I.A., 2020. The role of relationship quality and loyalty program in tourism shopping: a multilevel investigation. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 37 (1), 92–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1711848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledingham, J.A., Bruning, S.D., and Wilson, L.J., (1999). Time as an indicator of the perceptions and behavior of members of a key public: Monitoring and predicting organization-public relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(2), 167–183.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., Hsu, C.H., and Lawton, L.J., 2015. Understanding residents’ perception changes toward a mega-event through a dual-theory lens. Journal of travel research, 54 (3), 396–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513517422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorde, T., Greenidge, D., and Devonish, D., 2011. Local residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 on Barbados: comparisons of pre-and post-games. Tourism management, 32 (2), 349–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maharaj, B., 2015. The turn of the south? Social and economic impacts of mega-events in India, Brazil and South Africa. Local economy, 30 (8), 983–999. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094215604318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli, A.E. and Kim, S., 2021. Public Relations as the key in the 2020 Tokyo olympic and paralympic games. In: M. Butterworth, et al., eds. Olympic and paralympics analysis 2020: media, fans and the politics of sport. Austin, Texas: Center for Sports Communication & Media, 30.
   Google Scholar
• Men, L.R., Yang, A., Song, B., and Kiousis, S., (2018). Examining the impact of public engagement and presidential leadership communication on social media in China: Implications for government-public relationship cultivation. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(3), 252–268.
   Google Scholar
• Mihalik, B.J. and Simonetta, L., 1999. A midterm assessment of the host population’s perceptions of the 1996 summer olympics: support, attendance, benefits, and liabilities. Journal of travel research, 37 (3), 244–248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903700305
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, H. and Stewart, M.F., 2015. What should you pay to host a party? An economic analysis of hosting sports mega-events. Applied economics, 47 (15), 1550–1561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.1000522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, B.B. and Rhee, Y., 2013. Exploring negative dimensions of organization-public relationships (NOPR) in public relations. Journalism & mass communication quarterly, 90 (4), 691–714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013503161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., 2015. Tourism development and trust in local government. Tourism Management, 46, 623–634. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., et al., 2018. Public trust in mega event planning institutions: the role of knowledge, transparency and corruption. Tourism management, 66, 155–166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R. and Gursoy, D., 2016. Rethinking the role of power and trust in tourism planning. Journal of hospitality marketing & management, 25 (4), 512–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2015.1019170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R. and Ramkissoon, H., 2011a. Residents’ satisfaction with community attributes and support for tourism. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 35 (2), 171–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010384600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R. and Ramkissoon, H., 2011b. Developing a community support model for tourism. Annals of tourism research, 38 (3), 964–988. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R. and Ramkissoon, H., 2012. Power, trust, social exchange and community support. Annals of tourism research, 39 (2), 997–1023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R. and Smith, S.L., 2013. Political economy of tourism: trust in government actors, political support, and their determinants. Tourism management, 36, 120–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J.C. (1967) Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oshimi, D. and Harada, M., 2019. Host residents’ role in sporting events: the city image perspective. Sport management review, 22 (2), 263–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, Z., Gursoy, D., and Sharma, B., 2017. Role of trust, emotions and event attachment on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Tourism management, 63, 426–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas, N., 2014. Hosting mega events: londoners’ support of the 2012 Olympics. Journal of hospitality and tourism management, 21, 10–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.02.001
   Google Scholar
• Porumbescu, G.A., 2016. Linking public sector social media and e-government website use to trust in government. Government information quarterly, 33 (2), 291–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., et al., 2013. London residents’ support for the 2012 olympic games: the mediating effect of overall attitude. Tourism management, 36, 629–640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, T. and Almeida, V., 2021. Does the Olympic legacy perceived in the host city influence the resident support after the games? International journal of sport policy and politics, 13 (3), 393–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1898446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheu, A. and Preuss, H., 2018. Residents’ perceptions of mega sport event legacies and impacts. German journal of exercise and sport research, 48 (3), 376–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0499-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, H., 2017. Refining organization–public relationship quality measurement in student and employee samples. Journalism & mass communication quarterly, 94 (4), 994–1010. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016674186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stylidis, D., et al., 2014. Residents’ support for tourism development: the role of residents’ place image and perceived tourism impacts. Tourism management, 45, 260–274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokyo Organising Committee. (2019). OCOG and other entities budget. Retrieved from https://tokyo2020.org/en/organising-committee/budgets/
   Google Scholar
• Waitt, G., 2003. Social impacts of the sydney olympics. Annals of tourism research, 30 (1), 194–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00050-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, C. and Berno, T., 2011. Beyond social exchange theory: attitudes toward tourists. Annals of tourism research, 38 (4), 1556–1569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch, M.R., et al., 2005. Determinants and consequences of social trust. Sociological inquiry, 75 (4), 453–473. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2005.00132.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo, B., Gursoy, D., and Wall, G., 2017. Residents’ support for red tourism in China: the moderating effect of central government. Annals of tourism research, 64, 51–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar