500
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Handwriting in Lebanese bigraphic children: Standardization of the BHK Scale

, PhD, , MRes, , PhD student, , PhD student & , PhD ORCID Icon
Pages 420-435 | Received 28 Nov 2016, Accepted 23 May 2017, Published online: 23 Jun 2017

References

  • Abbott, R. D., & Berninger, V. W. (1993). Structural equation modeling of relationships among developmental skills and writing skills in primary- and intermediate-grade writers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(3), 478–508.
  • Accardo, A. P., Genna, M., & Borean, M. (2013). Development, maturation and learning influence on handwriting kinematics. Human Movement Science, 32(1), 136–146. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2012.10.004
  • Albaret, J.-M., Soppelsa, R., Danna, J., & Kaiser, M.-L. (2013). Evaluation de l’écriture. In J.-M. Albaret, M.-L. Kaiser, & R. Soppelsa (Eds.), Troubles de l’écriture chez l’enfant: Des modèles à l’intervention (pp. 135–153). Bruxelles, Belgium: De Boeck/Solal.
  • Al-Hadhrami, A. A. N., Allen, M., Moffatt, C., & Jones, A. E. (2015). National characteristics and variation in Arabic handwriting. Forensic Science International, 247, 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.004
  • Bacha, N. N., & Bahous, R. (2011). Foreign language education in Lebanon: A context of cultural and curricular complexities. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2, 1320–1328. doi:10.4304/jltr.2.6.1320-1328
  • Bara, F., & Morin, M.-F. (2013). Does the handwriting style learned in first grade determine the style used in the fourth and fifth grades and influence handwriting speed and quality? A comparison between French and Quebec children. Psychology in the Schools, 50(6), 601–617. doi:10.1002/pits.21691
  • Bialystok, E. (2007). Cognitive effects of bilingualism: How linguistic experience leads to cognitive change. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10, 210–223. doi:10.2167/beb441.0
  • Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 3–11. doi:10.1017/S1366728908003477
  • Bialystok, E., Luk, G., Peets, F. K., & Yang, S. (2010). Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 525–531. doi:10.1017/S1366728909990423
  • Blöte, A. W., & Hamstra-Bletz, E. (1991). A longitudinal study on the structure of handwriting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 983–994. doi:10.1177/002221949302601007
  • Brossard-Racine, M., Mazer, B., Julien, M., & Majnemer, A. (2012). Validating the use of the evaluation tool of children’s handwriting–manuscript to identify handwriting difficulties and detect change in school-age children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(4), 414–421. doi:10.5014/ajot.2012.003558
  • Charles, M., Soppelsa, R., & Albaret, J.-M. (2003). BHK- Echelle d’évaluation rapide de l’écriture chez l’enfant. Paris, France: Editions et Applications Psychologiques.
  • Chow, S. M. K., Choy, S.-W., & Mui, S.-K. (2003). Assessing handwriting speed of children biliterate in English and Chinese. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96(2), 685–694. doi:10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.685
  • Colomé, A. (2001). Lexical activation in bilinguals’ speech production: Language-specific or language-independent. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 721–736. doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2793
  • Connelly, V., Gee, D., & Walsh, E. (2007). A comparison of keyboarded and handwritten compositions and the relationship with transcription speed. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(2), 479–492. doi:10.1348/000709906X116768
  • Costa, A., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2014). How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 336–345. doi:10.1038/nrn3709
  • Couture, M., Morin, M.-F., Coallier, M., Lavigne, A., Archambault, P., Bolduc, É., … Jasmin, E. (2016). Évaluation de l’écriture manuelle d’élèves franco-québécois au début du primaire. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(5), 269–280. doi:10.1177/0008417416661573
  • Crinion, J., Turner, R., Grogan, A., Hanakawa, T., Noppeney, U., Devlin, J. T., … Price, C. J. (2006). Language control in the bilingual brain. Science, 312(5779), 1537–1540. doi:10.1126/science.1127761
  • Danna, J., Paz-Villagrán, V., Capel, A., Pétroz, C., Gondre, C., Pinto, S., … Velay, J.-L. (2014). Movement sonification for the diagnosis and the rehabilitation of graphomotor disorders. In M. Aramaki, O. Derrien, R. Kronland-Martinet, & S. Ystad (Eds.), Sound, music, and motion (pp. 246–255). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  • De Ajuriaguerra, J., Auzias, M., Coumes, I., Lavondes-Monod, V., Perron, R., & Stambak, M. (1964). L’écriture de l’enfant: Vol. 1. L’évolution de l’écriture et ses difficultés. Paris, France: Delachaux et Niestlé.
  • De Jong, J. (2008). Bilingualism and language impairment. In M. J. Ball, M. R. Perkins, N. Müller, & S. Howard (Eds.), The handbook of clinical linguistics (pp. 261–274). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Di Brina, C., Niels, R., Overvelde, A., Levi, G., & Hulstijn, W. (2008). Dynamic time warping: A new method in the study of poor handwriting. Human Movement Science, 27(2), 242–255. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2008.02.012
  • Di Brina, C., & Rossini, G. (2011). Test BHK—Scala sintetica per la valutazione della scrittura in età evolutiva. Trento, Italy: Edizioni Centro Studi Erickson.
  • Flatters, I., Hill, L. J. B., Williams, J. H. G., Barber, S. E., & Mon-Williams, M. (2014). Manual control age and sex differences in 4 to 11 year old children. PLoS One, 9(2), e88692. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088692
  • Francis, A., Wallen, M., & Bundy, A. (2017). Comparison of the properties of the Handwriting Speed Test (HST) and Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting (DASH): An exploratory study. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 37(2), 155–169. doi:10.1080/01942638.2016.1185499
  • Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). The development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1 through 9. Journal of Educational Research, 92, 42–52. doi:10.1080/00220679809597574
  • Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 515–530. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.796377
  • Hammerschmidt, S. L., & Sudsawad, P. (2004). Teachers’ survey on problems with handwriting: Referral, evaluation, and outcomes. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(2), 185–192. doi:10.5014/ajot.58.2.185
  • Hamstra-Bletz, L., & Blöte, A. W. (1990). Development of handwriting in primary school: A longitudinal study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 759–770. doi:10.2466/pms.1990.70.3.759
  • Hamstra-Bletz, L., & Blöte, A. W. (1993). A longitudinal study on dysgraphic handwriting in primary school. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(10), 689–699. doi:10.1177/002221949302601007
  • Hamstra-Bletz, L., De Bie, J., & Den Brinker, B. P. L. M. (1987). Beknopte beoordelingsmethod voor kinderhandschriften: Experimenteleversie [Concise evaluation scale for children’s handwriting: Experimental version]. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets&Zeitlinger.
  • Hanlon, H. W., Thatcher, R. W., & Cline, M. J. (1999). Gender differences in the development of EEG coherence in normal children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 16(3), 479–506. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN1603_27
  • Hatzidaki, A., Branigan, H., & Pickering, M. (2011). Co-activation of syntax in bilingual language production. Cognitive Psychology, 2, 123–150. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.10.002
  • Huau, A., Velay, J.-L., & Jover, M. (2015). Graphomotor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): Handwriting and learning a new letter. Human Movement Science, 42, 318–332. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.008
  • Kaiser, M.-L. (2012). Qualité en vitesse de l’écriture chez l’enfant. L’Educateur, 1, 15–18.
  • Kaiser, M.-L., Albaret, J.-M., & Doudin, P.-A. (2011). Efficacy of an explicit handwriting program. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112, 610–618. doi:10.2466/11.25.PMS.112.2.610-618
  • Karlsdottir, R., & Stefansson, T. (2002). Problems in developing functional handwriting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 623–662. doi:10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.623
  • Kohl, M., Beauquier-Maccotta, B., Bourgeois, M., Clouard, C., Donde, S., Mosser, A., … Robel, L. (2008). Bilinguisme et troubles du langage chez l’enfant: étude rétrospective. La Psychiatrie de l’Enfant, 51(2), 577–595. doi:10.3917/psye.512.0577
  • Koziatek, S. M., & Powell, N. J. (2003). Pencil grips, legibility, and speed of fourth-graders’ writing in cursive. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(3), 284–288. doi:10.5014/ajot.57.3.284
  • Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S., & Wodniekca, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119–135. doi:10.1017/S1366728906002483
  • Leonard, L. B. (2014). Children with specific language impairment (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Lung, F. W., Chiang, T. L., Lin, S. J., Feng, J. Y., Chen, P. F., & Shu, B. C. (2011). Gender differences of children’s developmental trajectory from 6 to 60 months in the Taiwan Birth Cohort Pilot Study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 100–106. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.004
  • Marquardt, C., Diaz Meyer, M., Schneider, M., & Hilgemann, R. (2016). Learning handwriting at school—A teachers’ survey on actual problems and future options. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 5(3), 82–89. doi:10.1016/j.tine.2016.07.001
  • Mojet, J. (1991). Characteristics of the developing handwriting skills in elementary education. In J. Wann, A. M. Wing, & N. Søvik (Eds.), Development of graphic skills: Research, perspectives, and educational implications (pp. 53–75). London, UK: Academic Press.
  • Nikolaenko, N. N. (2005). Sex differences and activity of the left and right brain hemispheres. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 41(6), 689–699. doi:10.1007/s10893-006-0011-4
  • O’Mahony, P., Dempsey, M., & Killeen, H. (2008). Handwriting speed: Duration of testing period and relation to socio-economic disadvantage and handedness. Occupational Therapy International, 15(3), 165–177. doi:10.1002/oti.255
  • Oller, D. K., Pearson, B. Z., & Cobo-Lewis, A. B. (2007). Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28, 191–230. doi:10.1017/S0142716407070117
  • Overvelde, A., & Hulstijn, W. (2011). Handwriting development in grade 2 and grade 3 primary school children with normal, at risk, or dysgraphic characteristics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 540–548. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.027
  • Paradis, J. (2010). The interface between bilingual development and specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics, (31), 3–28. doi:10.1017/S0142716409990373
  • Paradis, J., Crago, M., & Bélanger, C. (2005). Le développement langagier bilingue chez les enfants: Incidence sur l’évaluation du trouble primaire du langage. Fréquences, 17(3), 27–30.
  • Paradis, J., Crago, M., & Genesee, F. (2005/2006). Domain-specific versus domain-general theories of the deficit in SLI: Object pronoun acquisition by French–English bilingual children. Language Acquisition, 13, 33–62. doi:10.1207/s15327817la1301_3
  • Ratzon, N. Z., Efraim, D., & Bart, O. (2007). A short-term graphomotor program for improving writing readiness skills of first-grade students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 399–405. doi:10.5014/ajot.61.4.399
  • Schoemaker, M. M., Niemeijer, A. S., Reynders, K., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. (2003). Effectiveness of neuromotor task training for children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot study. Neural Plasticity, 10(1–2), 155–163. doi:10.1155/NP.2003.155
  • Simner, M. L., & Eidlitz, M. R. (2000). Towards an empirical definition of developmental dysgraphia: Preliminary findings. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 16(1), 103–110. doi:10.1177/082957350001600108
  • Simons, J., & Probst, M. (2014). Reliability of the detail assessment of speed of handwriting on Flemish children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 26, 318–324. doi:10.1097/PEP.0000000000000050
  • Van Waelvelde, H., Hellinckx, T., Peersman, W., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. (2012). SOS: A screening instrument to identify children with handwriting impairments. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 32(3), 306–319. doi:10.3109/01942638.2012.678971
  • Vlachos, F., & Bonoti, F. (2006). Explaining age and sex differences in children’s handwriting: A neurobiological approach. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3(2), 113–123. doi:10.1080/17405620500371455
  • Volman, M. J. M., Van Schendel, B. M., & Jongmans, M. J. (2006). Handwriting difficulties in primary school children: A search for underlying mechanisms. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 451–460. doi:10.5014/ajot.60.4.451
  • Wallen, M., Bonney, M., & Lennox, L. (1996). The handwriting speed test. Adelaide, Australia: Helios Art and Book.
  • Wicki, W., Hurschler Lichtsteiner, S., Saxer Geiger, A., & Müller, M. (2014). Handwriting fluency in children. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 73(2), 87–96. doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000127
  • Wu, Y. J., & Thierry, G. (2012). Unconscious translation during incidental foreign language processing. Neuroimage, 59, 3468–3473. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.049
  • Ziviani, J. (1996). Use of modern cursive handwriting and handwriting speed for children ages 7 to 14 years. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 282. doi:10.2466/pms.1996.82.1.282
  • Ziviani, J., & Watson-Will, A. (1998). Writing speed and legibility of 7–14-year-old school students using modern cursive script. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 45(2), 59–64. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.1998.tb00783.x
  • Zwicker, J. G., & Montgomery, I. (2012). Application of motor learning principles to handwriting instruction and intervention. Handwriting Today, 11, 9–19.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.