Motivations behind catcalling: exploring men’s engagement in street harassment behaviour

References

• Benard, C., & Schlaffer, E. (1984). The man in the street: Why he harasses. In A. M. Jaggar & P. S. Rothenberg (Eds.), Feminist frameworks (pp. 395–398). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman, C. G. (1993). Street harassment and the informal ghettoization of women. Harvard Law Review, 106(3), 517–580. http://doi.org/10.2307/1341656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudoir, S. R., & Quinn, D. M. (2010). Bystander sexism in the intergroup context: The impact of cat-calls on women’s reactions towards men. Sex Roles, 62(9–10), 623–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9735-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhun, B. (2011). Catcalls: Protected speech or fighting words. Thomas Jefferson Law Review, 33, 273–295. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tjeflr33&div=12&id=&page=
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 24, pp. 201–234). Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Dall’Ara, E., & Maass, A. (1999). Studying sexual harassment in the laboratory: Are egalitarian women at higher risk? Sex Roles, 41(9/10), 681–704. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018816025988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, M. M., Butchko, M. S., Robbins, K., Sherd, L. W., & Gervais, S. J. (2016). The mediating role of perceived safety on street harassment and anxiety. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 553–561. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0039970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, M. M., Gervais, S. J., & Sherd, L. W. (2015). The ripple effects of stranger harassment on objectification of self and others. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(1), 53–66. http://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313514371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. E. (1994). The harm that has no name: Street harassment, embodiment, and African American women. UCLA Women’s Law Journal, 4, 133–178. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/uclawo4&div=15&id=&page=
   Google Scholar
• Deaux, K., & Kite, M. E. (1987). Thinking about gender. In B. B. Hess & M. M. Ferree (Eds.), Analyzing gender: A handbook of social science research (pp. 92–117). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, K. (2009). Everyday stranger harassment: Frequency and consequences ( Doctoral dissertation). Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, K. (2010). Context effects on women’s perceptions of stranger harassment. Sexuality & Culture, 14(3), 191–216. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-010-9070-1
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, K., & Rudman, L. A. (2008). Everyday stranger harassment and women’s objectification. Social Justice Research, 21(3), 338–357. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0073-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: And sex and drugs and rock ‘n roll (4th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fileborn, B. (2018). Naming the unspeakable harm of street harassment: A survey-based examination of disclosure practices. Violence Against Women, 25(2), 223–248. http://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218768709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, S., Lindner, D., & Ferguson, C. J. (2019). The effects of exposure to catcalling on women’s state self-objectification and body image. Current Psychology, 38(6), 1495–1502. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9697-2
   Google Scholar
• Flood, M. (2007). Men, sex, and homosociality: How bonds between men shape their sexual relations with women. Men and Masculinities, 10(3), 339–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0891243219863031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogg-Davis, H. G. (2006). Theorizing black lesbians within black feminism: A critique of same- race street harassment. Politics & Gender, 2(01), 57–76. http://doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x06060028
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth, D. R. (1995). Norms. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 412–417). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, C. B. (1995). Passing by: Gender and public harassment. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gennaro, K. D., & Ritschel, C. (2019). Blurred lines: The relationship between catcalls and compliments. Women’s Studies International Forum(Vol. 75, p. 102239). Pergamon. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick, P., & Hilt, L. (2000). Combative children to ambivalent adults: The development of gender prejudice. In T. Eckes & H. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 243–272). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. http://doi.org/10.1037/t00700-000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. J. (2008, May 14). Catcalling: Creepy or a compliment?. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/05/14/lw.catcalls/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Hart, J., & Howard, R. M. (2016). I want her to want me: Sexual misperception as a function of heterosexual men’s romantic attachment style. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heben, T. (1994). A radical reshaping of the law: Interpreting and remedying street harassment. South California’s Review of Law and Women’s Studies, 4, 183–219. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/scws4&div=16&id=&page=
   Google Scholar
• Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO7 scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. R. (1996). Psychological and demographic correlates of men’s perceptions of and attitudes toward sexual harassment. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 57(9-A), 3826.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M., & Bennett, E. (2015). Everyday sexism: Australian women’s experiences of street harassment. The Australia Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kachel, S., Steffens, M. C., & Niedlich, C. (2016). Traditional masculinity and femininity: Validation of a new scale assessing gender roles. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearl, H. (2010). Stop street harassment: Making public places safe and welcoming for women. Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Kissling, E. A. (1991). Street harassment: The language of sexual terrorism. Discourse & Society, 2(4), 451–460. http://doi.org/10.1177/0957926591002004006
   Google Scholar
• Kissling, E. A., & Kramarae, C. (1991). Stranger compliments: The interpretation of street remarks. Women’s Studies in Communication, 14(1), 75–93. http://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.1991.11089751
   Google Scholar
• Lee, A. J., Sidari, M. J., Murphy, S. C., Sherlock, J. M., & Zietsch, B. P. (2020). Sex differences in misperceptions of sexual interest can be explained by sociosexual orientation and men projecting their own interest onto women. Psychological Science, 31(2), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619900315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardo, M. D. (1981). Political economy of street harassment. AEGIS: Magazine on ending violence against women. (pp. 51–57). Retrieved from http://www.stopstreetharassment.org
   Google Scholar
• Logan, L. S. (2015). Street harassment: Current and promising avenues for researchers and activists. Sociology Compass, 9(3), 196–211. http://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macmillan, R., Nierobisz, A., & Welsh, S. (2000). Experiencing the streets: Harassment and perceptions of safety among women. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 37(3), 306–322. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022427800037003003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazer, D. B., & Percival, E. (1989). Ideology or Experience? The relationships among perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of sexual harassment in university students. Sex Roles, 20(3–4), 135–145. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, L. B. (2000). Situating legal consciousness: Experiences and attitudes of ordinary citizens about law and street harassment. Law and Society Review, 34(4), 1055–1090. http://doi.org/10.2307/3115131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary, C., & Baldwin, J. R. (2016). Catcalling as a “double edged sword”: Midwestern women, their experiences, and the implications of men’s catcalling behaviours ( Master’s thesis). ProQuest.
   Google Scholar
• Oswald, F., Lopes, A., Skoda, K., Hesse, C. L., & Pedersen, C. L. (2019). I’ll show you mine so you’ll show me yours: Motivations and personality variables in photographic exhibitionism. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(5), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1639036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 238–259. http://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.123.3.238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.4.741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor, J. B. (1987). Sexual harassment proclivities in men. Sex Roles, 17(5–6), 269–290. http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00288453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor, J. B., & Whalen, N. J. (1997). A typology of sexual harassment: Characteristics of harassers and the social circumstances under which sexual harassment occurs. In W. T. O’Donohue (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research and treatment (pp. 5–28). Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Pryor, J. B., Giedd, J. L., & Williams, K. B. (1995). A social psychological model for predicting sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51(1), 69–84. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01309.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor, J. B., LaVite, C. M., & Stoller, L. M. (1993). A social psychological analysis of sexual harassment: The person/situation interaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42(1), 68–83. http://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1993.1005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, B. L., & Trigg, K. Y. (2004). Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Sex Roles, 50(7/8), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn, J. S. (1997). The predictive and discriminate validity of masculinity ideology. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates and antecedents. University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swim, J. K., & Cohen, L. L. (1997). Overt, covert and subtle sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 103–119. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb.00103.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomae, M., & Pina, A. (2015). Sexist humor and social identity: The role of sexist humor in men’s in-group cohesion, sexual harassment, rape proclivity, and victim blame. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 28(2), 187–204. http://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, M. (2015). Combatting gender privilege and recognizing a woman’s right to privacy in public spaces: Arguments to criminalize catcalling and creepshots. Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 26, 185–206. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/haswo26&div=18&id=&page=http://www.lexisnexis.com.libproxy.lib.ilstu.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=172728
   Google Scholar
• Tuerkheimer, D. (1997). Street harassment as sexual subordination: The phenomenology of gender-specific harm. Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal, 12, 167–206. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wiswo12&div=11&id=&page=
   Google Scholar
• Vera-Gray, F. (2016). Men’s stranger intrusions: Rethinking street harassment. Women’s Studies International Forum, 58, 9–17. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselmann, E. D., & Kelly, J. R. (2010). Cat-calls and culpability: Investigating the frequency and functions of stranger harassment. Sex Roles, 63(7–8), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9830-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YouGov. (2014). Catcalling: Never OK and not a compliment. Poll dates August 14-15, 2014. YouGov Today. https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2014/08/15/catcalling
   Google Scholar