704
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Changing beliefs about gender: the relation between contact with gender nonconforming individuals and gender essentialismOpen Materials

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 542-558 | Received 18 Jan 2022, Accepted 02 Feb 2023, Published online: 27 Feb 2023

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
  • APA. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. The American Psychologist, 70(9), 832–864. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039906
  • Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2006). Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.003
  • Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2007). Psychological essentialism and attention allocation: Preferences for stereotype-consistent versus stereotype-inconsistent Information. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(5), 531–541. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.5.531-542
  • Buck, D. M. (2016). Defining transgender: What do lay definitions say about prejudice? Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(4), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000191
  • Chandler, J., Rosenzweig, C., Moss, A. J., Robinson, J., & Litman, L. (2019). Online panels in social science research: Expanding sampling methods beyond Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 2022–2038. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01273-7
  • Ching, B. H. H., & Xu, J. T. (2018). The effects of gender neuroessentialism on transprejudice: An experimental study. Sex Roles, 78(3–4), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0786-3
  • Cinelli, M., De, G., Morales, F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. PNAS, 118(9). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
  • Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. The American Psychologist, 64(4), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014718
  • Deeb, I., Segall, G., Birnbaum, D., Ben Eliyahu, A., & Diesendruck, G. (2011). Seeing isn’t believing: The effect of intergroup exposure on children’s essentialist beliefs about ethnic categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1139–1156. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026107
  • Diesendruck, G., & Menahem, R. (2015). Essentialism promotes children’s inter-ethnic bias. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(August), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01180
  • Dunham, Y., & Olson, K. R. (2016). Beyond discrete categories: Studying multiracial, intersex, and transgender children will strengthen basic developmental science. Journal of Cognition and Development, 17(4), 642–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2016.1195388
  • Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2018). Challenged expectations: Mere exposure effects on attitudes about transgender people and rights. Political Psychology, 39(1), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12402
  • Gaither, S. E. (2018). The multiplicity of belonging: Pushing identity research beyond binary thinking. Self and Identity, 17(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1412343
  • Garg, N., Schiebinger, L., Jurafsky, D., & Zou, J. (2018). Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(16), E3635–3644. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720347115
  • Gelman, S. A. (2003). The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought. Oxford Ser). Oxford University Press.
  • Gelman, S. A. (2004). Psychological essentialism in children. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(9), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.001
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Herman, J. L., Flores, A. R., & O’neill, K. K. (2022). How many adults and youth identify as transgender in the United States?. Executive summary, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3
  • Hickman, C. B. (1996). The devil and the one drop rule: Racial categories, African Americans, and the US census. Mich. L. Rev, 95, 1161.
  • Hoffarth, M. R., & Hodson, G. (2018). When intergroup contact is uncommon and bias is strong: The case of anti-transgender bias. Psychology and Sexuality, 9(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1470107
  • Hoffner, C. A., & Bond, B. J. (2022). Parasocial relationships, social media, & well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101306
  • Kang, S. K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2015). Multiple identities in social perception and interaction: Challenges and opportunities. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 547–574. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015025
  • Keller, J. (2005). In genes we trust: The biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 686–702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.686
  • Kim, N., & Wojcieszak, M. (2017). Intergroup contact through online comments: Effects of direct and extended contact on outgroup attitudes. Computers in Human Behavior, 81(2018), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.013
  • Kteily, N. S., Hodson, G., Dhont, K., & Ho, A. K. (2017). Predisposed to prejudice but responsive to intergroup contact? Testing the unique benefits of intergroup contact across different types of individual differences. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 136843021771675. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217716750
  • Kuper, L. E., Wright, L., & Mustanski, B. (2018). Gender identity development among transgender and gender nonconforming emerging adults: An intersectional approach. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1443869
  • Levy, S. R., Stroessner, S. J., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Stereotype formation and endorsement: The role of implicit theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1421.
  • Lissitsa, S., & Kushnirovich, N. (2020). Coevolution between parasocial interaction in digital media and social contact with LGBT people. Journal of Homosexuality, 00(00), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1809891
  • Lytle, A., Dyar, C., Levy, S. R., & London, B. (2017). Essentialist beliefs: Understanding contact with and attitudes towards lesbian and gay individuals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(1), 64–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12154
  • McCullough, R., Dispenza, F., Chang, C. Y., & Zeligman, M. R. (2019). Correlates and predictors of anti-transgender prejudice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(3), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000334
  • Meerwijk, E. L., & Sevelius, J. M. (2017). Transgender population size in the United States: A meta-regression of population-based probability samples. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), e1–8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303578
  • Meyer, M., & Gelman, S. A. (2016). Gender essentialism in children and parents: Implications for the development of gender stereotyping and gender-typed preferences. Sex Roles, 75(9–10), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0646-6
  • Meyers, E. A. (2012). “Blogs give regular people the chance to talk back”: Rethinking “professional” media hierarchies in new media. New Media & Society, 14(6), 1022–1038. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812439052
  • Miles, E., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213510573
  • Morton, T. A., Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Hornsey, M. J. (2009). Theorizing gender in the face of social change: Is there anything essential about essentialism?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 653.
  • Moss-Racusin, C. A., & Rabasco, H. (2018). Reducing gender identity bias through imagined intergroup contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(8), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12525
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125.
  • Rhodes, M., & Gelman, S. A. (2009). A developmental examination of the conceptual structure of animal, artifact, and human social categories across two cultural contexts. Cognitive Psychology, 59(3), 244–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.05.001
  • Roberts, S. O., Ho, A. K., Rhodes, M., & Gelman, S. A. (2017). Making boundaries great again: Essentialism and support for boundary-enhancing initiatives. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(12), 1643–1658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217724801
  • Rockquemore, K. A., & Arend, P. (2002). Opting for white: Choice, fluidity and racial identity construction in post civil-rights America. Race and Society, 5(1), 49–64.
  • Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 92–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/0363775052000342544
  • Schwab, A. K., & Greitemeyer, T. (2015). The world’s biggest salad bowl: Facebook connecting cultures. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/JASP.12291
  • Shepherd, A., & Hanckel, B. (2021). Ontologies of transition(s) in healthcare practice: Examining the lived experiences and representations of transgender adults transitioning in healthcare. Health Sociology Review, 30(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2020.1854618
  • Smiler, A. P., & Gelman, S. A. (2008). Determinants of gender essentialism in college students. Sex Roles, 58(11), 864–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9402-x
  • Stathi, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2009). Imagined intergroup contact: Theory, paradigm, and practice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(6), 1129–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00230.x
  • Swim, J. K., & Cohen, L. L. (1997). Overt, covert, and subtle sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00103.x
  • Todd, J. (2005). Social transformation, collective categories, and identity change. Theory and Society, 34(4), 429–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-005-7963-z
  • Tropp, L. R., Mazziotta, A., & Wright, S. C. (2016). Recent developments in intergroup contact research: Affective process, group status, and contact valence. In F. Barlow & C. Sibley (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 463–480). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001011
  • Walton, G. M. (2014). The new science of wise psychological interventions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413512856
  • Williams, M. J., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2008). Biological conceptions of race and the motivation to cross racial boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1033–1047. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1033
  • Zhou, S., Page-Gould, E., Aron, A., Moyer, A., & Hewstone, M. (2019). The extended contact hypothesis: A meta-analysis on 20 years of research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 132–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318762647

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.