Chance to Shine or Heading for Disaster? – Exploring German Social Enterprises’ Stakeholder Communication Facing COVID-19-Induced Lockdowns

References

• Aguinis, H., and A. Glavas. 2012. “What We Know and Don’t Know about Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review and Research Agenda.” Journal of Management 38 (4): 932–968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldao, C., D. Blasco, M. Poch Espallargas, and S. Palou Rubio. 2021. “Modelling the Crisis Management and Impacts of 21st Century Disruptive Events in Tourism: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Tourism Review 76 (4): 929–941. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-07-2020-0297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, I., M. Balta, and T. Papadopoulos. 2014. “Social Media Platforms and Social Enterprise: Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review.” International Journal of Information Management 69: 102510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102510.
   Google Scholar
• Asdecker, B. 2022. “Travel-Related Influencer Content on Instagram: How Social Media Fuels Wanderlust and How to Mitigate the Effect.” Sustainability 14 (2): 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J., H. Stevenson, and J. Wei-Skillern. 2006. “Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., W. Geoghegan, M. Josefy, R. Stevenson, and T. A. Williams. 2020. “The COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz: Marshaling Social Entrepreneurship to Rapidly Respond to Urgent Grand Challenges.” Business Horizons 63 (6): 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., and G. T. Lumpkin. 2021. “Social Entrepreneurship and COVID‐19.” Journal of Management Studies 58 (1): 285–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belitski, M., C. Guenther, A. S. Kritikos, and R. Thurik. 2022. “Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00544-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brailovskaia, J., H. Schillack, and J. Margraf. 2018. “Facebook Addiction Disorder in Germany.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 21 (7): 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattström, A., and K. Wennberg. 2022. “The Entrepreneurial Story and Its Implications for Research.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 46 (6): 1443–1468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258721105380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, G., A. Heffner, and D. Henderson. 2014. “A SWOT Analysis of Competitive Knowledge from Social Media for a Small Start-up Business.” Review of Business Information Systems 18 (1): 23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Cantillon, R. 1756. Essai sur la nature du commerce. London: Fletcher Gyles.
   Google Scholar
• Chipeta, E. M., P. Kruse, and R. Venter. 2022. “A Risky Way of Doing Good–Combining Personality and Cognitive Variables in a New Hierarchical Model of Investment Risk-Taking in Social Entrepreneurship.” Journal of African Business 23 (3): 775–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2021.1907157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipeta, E. M., R. Venter, and P. Kruse. 2022. “Measuring the Role of Reductive Bias in Social Enterprise Formation: Development and Validation of a Social Entrepreneurial Intention Bias Scale.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 13 (2): 164–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2020.1758196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs, T., and S. Holladay. 2015. “CSR as Crisis Risk: expanding How We Conceptualize the Relationship.” Corporate Communications: An International Journal 20 (2): 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-10-2013-0078.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. 1999. “Information and Compassion in Crisis Responses: A Test of Their Effects.” Journal of Public Relations Research 11 (2): 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1102_02.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. 2007. “Protecting Organization Reputations during a Crisis: The Development and Application of Situational Crisis Communication Theory.” Corporate Reputation Review 10 (3): 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. 2015. Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, P. E., J. S. Bendickson, J. Muldoon, and W. C. McDowell. 2021. “Agency Theory Utility and Social Entrepreneurship: issues of Identity and Role Conflict.” Review of Managerial Science 15 (8): 2299–2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00423-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorado, S., Y. Chen, A. M. Prado, and V. Simon. 2022. “Attuned HRM Systems for Social Enterprises.” Journal of Business Ethics 178 (3): 829–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04821-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N. 2001. “The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior 23 (3): 225–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015006907312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, W. P. 1994. “Generalizing the Common Language Effect Size Indicator to Bivariate Normal Correlations.” Psychological Bulletin 116 (3): 509–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuy, K., J. Ron, and A. Prakash. 2016. “Hands Off My Regime! Governments’ Restrictions on Foreign Aid to Non-Governmental Organizations in Poor and Middle-Income Countries.” World Development 84: 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, A. 2022. “COVID-19 Waves: Variant Dynamics and Control.” Scientific Reports 12 (1): 9332–9341. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13371-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elad, F. L. 2017. “Event Study on the Reaction of Stock Returns to Acquisition News.” International Finance & Banking 4 (1): 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A.-G. Lang, and A. Buchner. 2007. “G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39 (2): 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. 2018. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS. Newcastle: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Forde, E., A. Butcher, A. Fraser, S. Phillips, and M. Turner. 2021. “Virtual Training in the Practical Management of Emergencies in Primary Care: making a Virtue out of Necessity.” BMJ Simulation & Technology Enhanced Learning 7 (6): 648–649. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2021-000902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., and M. J. Marks. 2007. “The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Debate and Its Implications for Personality Research.” In Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology, edited by R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley and R. F. Krueger, 149–169. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. E. 2004. “The Stakeholder Approach Revisited.” Zeitschrift Für Wirtschafts- Und Unternehmensethik 5 (3): 228–241. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-347076. https://doi.org/10.5771/1439-880X-2004-3-228.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, C. M., M. J. Simmering, G. Atinc, Y. Atinc, and B. J. Babin. 2016. “Common Methods Variance Detection in Business Research.” Journal of Business Research 69 (8): 3192–3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder, D. C., and D. J. Ozer. 2020. “Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense": Corrigendum.” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3 (4): 509–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920979282.
   Google Scholar
• Gras, D., M. Conger, and G. Cummings. 2017. “Reductive Seduction in Social Entrepreneurship.” 14th Annual Social Entrepreneurship Conference, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Grimes, M. G., T. A. Williams, and E. Y. Zhao. 2019. “Anchors Aweigh: The Sources, Variety, and Challenges of Mission Drift.” Academy of Management Review 44 (4): 819–845. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grote, U., M. Arvand, S. Brinkwirth, M. Brunke, U. Buchholz, T. Eckmanns, M. von Kleist, et al. 2021. “Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland: nichtpharmakologische und pharmakologische Ansätze.” Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 64 (4): 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03306-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu, X., W. Zhang, and S. Cheng. 2021. “How Do Investors in Chinese Stock Market React to External Uncertainty? An Event Study to the Sino-US Disputes.” Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 68: 101614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, P., S. Chauhan, J. Paul, and M. P. Jaiswal. 2020. “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Review and Future Research Agenda.” Journal of Business Research 113: 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham, C.-D., J. Lee, J. L. Hayes, and Y. H. Bae. 2018. “Exploring Sharing Behaviors across Social Media Platforms.” International Journal of Market Research 61 (2): 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318782790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Härting, R.-C., A.-L. Rösch, G. Serafino, F. Häfner, and J. Bueechl. 2022. “Opportunities and Barriers of Digitization in the COVID-19 Crisis for SMEs.” In Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities and Communities, edited by R. J. Howlett, C. J. Lakhmi, J. R. Littlewood and M. M. Balas, 47–60. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. W. L., and T. M. Jones. 1992. “Stakeholder‐Agency Theory.” Journal of Management Studies 29 (2): 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00657.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, P., K. Scharpe, and M. Wunsch. 2021. 3. Deutscher Social Entrepreneurship Monitor 2020/21. Berlin: SEND.
   Google Scholar
• Ihmels, A., S. A. Haslam, M. Shemla, and J. Wegge. 2022. “Through a Glass Cliff Darkly.” Zeitschrift für Arbeits-und Organisationspsychologie A&O 67 (2): 107–115.
   Google Scholar
• Justo, R., J. Lepoutre, S. Terjesen, and N. Bosma. 2010. “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Social Entrepreneurship Study: Methodology & Data.” Small Business Economics 1: 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, M., and A. Kuckertz. 2023. “Emotional Robustness in Times of Crisis: The Effects of Venture Funding on the Digital Communication Styles of Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 30 (4): 828–850. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2022-0423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatatbeh, I. N., M. B. Hani, and M. N. Abu-Alfoul. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Stock Markets: An Event Study.” International Journal of Economics and Business Administration 8 (4): 505–514.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, S., S. Schneider, and P. Spieth. 2021. “How to Stay on the Road? A Business Model Perspective on Mission Drift in Social Purpose Organizations.” Journal of Business Research 125: 658–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, D. 2020. “COVID-19 Lockdowns throughout the World.” Occupational Medicine 70 (5): 322–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kročil, O., M. Müller, and J. Kubátová. 2023. “Vulnerable Social Enterprises: sensemaking of the COVID-19 Crisis in the Czech Republic.” Social Enterprise Journal 19 (2): 144–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-06-2022-0054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, C., and L. Tian. 2004. “A Comparison of the General Linear Mixed Model and Repeated Measures ANOVA Using a Dataset with Multiple Missing Data Points.” Biological Research for Nursing 6 (2): 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800404267682.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruse, P. 2020a. “Can There Only Be One?–An Empirical Comparison of Four Models on Social Entrepreneurial Intention Formation.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 16 (2): 641–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00608-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, P, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany. 2020b. “Spreading Entrepreneurial News—Investigating Media Influence on Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents.” Green Finance 2 (3): 284–301. https://doi.org/10.3934/GF.2020016.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, P. 2021. “Exploring International and Inter-Sector Differences of Social Enterprises in the UK and India.” Sustainability 13 (11): 5870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, P. 2022. “Soziales Unternehmertum–eine neue Form des sozial nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens.” In Fehlzeiten-Report 2022, edited by B. Badura, A. Ducki, M. Meyer and H. Schröder, 251–259. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, P., E. M. Chipeta, and R. Venter. 2023. “Do Good and Measure Well!–Examining the Validity of Two Positive Social Change Measurements in South African Social Enterprises.” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2022-0325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, P., and F. Rosing. 2023. “An Experimental Investigation of Perceived Differences in Personality and Leadership Attributes of Social Entrepreneurs Compared to for Profit Entrepreneurs and Non-Profit Organisations Leaders.” The Journal of Entrepreneurship 32 (1): 75–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135572311603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, P., D. Wach, and J. Wegge. 2021. “What Motivates Social Entrepreneurs? A Meta-Analysis on Predictors of the Intention to Found a Social Enterprise.” Journal of Small Business Management 59 (3): 477–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1844493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, P., E. M. Chipeta, and I. Ueberschär. 2023. “What Keeps Social Entrepreneurs Happy? Exploring Personality, Work Design, External Support, and Social Impact as Resources of Social Entrepreneurs’ Mental Well-Being.” Sustainability 15 (5): 4109–4131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruskal, W. H., and W. A. Wallis. 1952. “Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 47 (260): 583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuckertz, A., A. Bernhard, E. S. C. Berger, O. Dvouletý, R. Harms, S. Jack, and E. Kibler. 2023. “Scaling the Right Answers–Creating and Maintaining Hope through Social Entrepreneurship in Light of Humanitarian Crises.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 19: e00356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00356.
   Google Scholar
• Kuckertz, A., L. Brändle, A. Gaudig, S. Hinderer, C. A. Morales Reyes, A. Prochotta, K. M. Steinbrink, and E. S. C. Berger. 2020. “Startups in Times of Crisis–A Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 13: e00169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00169.
   Google Scholar
• Le, K., and M. Nguyen. 2021. “The Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Lockdowns.” International Review of Applied Economics 35 (2): 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2020.1853077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leys, C., O. Klein, Y. Dominicy, and C. Ley. 2018. “Detecting Multivariate Outliers: Use a Robust Variant of the Mahalanobis Distance.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 74: 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukopoulos, A., and D. Papadimitriou. 2022. “Organizational Growth Strategies for Greek Social Enterprises’ Social Impact during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Social Enterprise Journal 18 (4): 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-10-2021-0084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclean, M., C. Harvey, and J. Gordon. 2013. “Social Innovation, Social Entrepreneurship and the Practice of Contemporary Entrepreneurial Philanthropy.” International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 31 (7): 747–763. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242612443376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayring, P. 2004. “Qualitative Content Analysis.” A Companion to Qualitative Research 1 (4): 159–176.
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, M. 2018. “Economic Calculation and the Limits of Social Entrepreneurship.” In The Economic Theory of Costs: Foundations and New Directions, edited by M. McCaffrey, 243–263. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, P. J., J. Liao, and H. P. Welsch. 2006. “A Conceptual History of Entrepreneurial Thought.” Journal of Management History 12 (1): 12–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552520610638256.
   Google Scholar
• Niedenhoff, H.-U, and P. Orth. 2021. “Chronologie der Pandemie in Deutschland.” In Neue Wege für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Corona verändert ein Land, edited by H.-U. Niedenhoff and P. Orth. Wiesbaden: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Nikbin, D., T. Aramo, M. Iranmanesh, and M. Ghobakhloo. 2022. “Impact of Brands’ Facebook Page Characteristics and Followers’ Comments on Trust Building and Purchase Intention: Alternative Attractiveness as Moderator.” Journal of Consumer Behaviour 21 (3): 494–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penny, K. I. 1996. “Appropriate Critical Values When Testing for a Single Multivariate Outlier by Using the Mahalanobis Distance." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C. 45 (1): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/2986224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrini, F., C. Vurro, and L. A. Costanzo. 2010. “A Process-Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: From Opportunity Identification to Scaling-up Social Change in the Case of San Patrignano.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 22 (6): 515–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2010.488402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinzaru, F., A. Zbuchea, and L. Anghel. 2020. “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Business. A Preliminary Overview.” Strategica. Preparing for Tomorrow, Today 8: 721–730.
   Google Scholar
• Post, J. E., L. E. Preston, and S. Sachs. 2002. “Managing the Extended Enterprise: The New Stakeholder View.” California Management Review 45 (1): 6–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratten, V. 2022. “Coronavirus (Covid-19) and Social Value Co-Creation.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 42 (3/4): 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2020-0237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, F. D., C. F. Bond, and J. J. Stokes-Zoota. 2003. “One Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described.” Review of General Psychology 7 (4): 331–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Rosa, I., D. Gutiérrez-Taño, and F. J. García-Rodríguez. 2020. “Social Entrepreneurial Intention and the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Structural Model.” Sustainability 12 (17): 6970–6986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saebi, T., N. J. Foss, and S. Linder. 2019. “Social Entrepreneurship Research: Past Achievements and Future Promises.” Journal of Management 45 (1): 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318793196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidgen, K., A. A. Gümüsay, F. Günzel-Jensen, G. Krlev, and M. Wolf. 2021. “Crises and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Digital Social Innovation in Response to Physical Distancing.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 15: e00222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00222.
   Google Scholar
• Schippers, M. C. 2020. “For the Greater Good? The Devastating Ripple Effects of the Covid-19 Crisis.” Frontiers in Psychology 11: 577740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreurs, L., and L. Vandenbosch. 2021. “Introducing the Social Media Literacy (SMILE) Model with the Case of the Positivity Bias on Social Media.” Journal of Children and Media 15 (3): 320–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1809481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semonella, M., G. Andersson, R. Dekel, G. Pietrabissa, and N. Vilchinsky. 2022. “Making a Virtue out of Necessity: COVID-19 as a Catalyst for Applying Internet-Based Psychological Interventions for Informal Caregivers.” Frontiers in Psychology 13: 856016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, S. G. S., D. Nogueras, H. C. Van Woerden, and V. Kiparoglou. 2020. “The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pandemic of Lockdown Loneliness and the Role of Digital Technology.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (11): e22287. https://doi.org/10.2196/22287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shomoye-Olusi, A. M., I. O. Orekoya, Q. Adebanke Adepeju-Orekoya, and O. Akintimehin. 2022. “The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Community Recovery and Development in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Period.” In Humanistic Crisis Management: Lessons Learned from COVID-19, edited by Wolfgang Amann, Agata Stachowicz-Stanusch, Shiv K. Tripathi, Shiban Khan and Ernst von Kimakowitz, 293–319. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, S., C. McNab, R. M. Olson, N. Bristol, C. Nolan, E. Bergstrøm, M. Bartos, et al. 2021. “How an Outbreak Became a Pandemic: A Chronological Analysis of Crucial Junctures and International Obligations in the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Lancet 398 (10316): 2109–2124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01897-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivertzen, A.-M., E. R. Nilsen, and A. H. Olafsen. 2013. “Employer Branding: employer Attractiveness and the Use of Social Media.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 22 (7): 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-09-2013-0393.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P. F. 2012. “A Note on the Advantages of Using Linear Mixed Model Analysis with Maximal Likelihood Estimation over Repeated Measures ANOVAs in Psychopharmacology: Comment on Clark.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 26 (12): 1605–1607. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881112463471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sserwanga, A., R. Isabella Kiconco, M. Nystrand, and R. Mindra. 2014. “Social Entrepreneurship and Post Conflict Recovery in Uganda.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 8 (4): 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-02-2014-0001.
   Google Scholar
• Starr, K. 2016. “Seduced by “the Reductive Seduction of Other People’s Problems.” Stanford Social Innovation Review. https://doi.org/10.48558/5CJX-7X83.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, U., M. Patterson, C. Kelly, and J. Mair. 2016. “Organizations Driving Positive Social Change: A Review and an Integrative Framework of Change Processes.” Journal of Management 42 (5): 1250–1281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316633268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, O., J. Gershuny, A. Sevilla, F. Foliano, M. Vega-Rapun, J. Lamote de Grignon, T. Harms, and P. Walthéry. 2021. “Using Time-Use Diaries to Track Changing Behavior across Successive Stages of COVID-19 Social Restrictions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (35): e2101724118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101724118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafesse, W. 2015. “Content Strategies and Audience Response on Facebook Brand Pages.” Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33 (6): 927–943. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-07-2014-0135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. L., and B. Doherty. 2006. “The Diverse World of Social Enterprise: A Collection of Social Enterprise Stories.” International Journal of Social Economics 33 (5/6): 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290610660643.
   Google Scholar
• Thorgren, S., and T. A. Williams. 2020. “Staying Alive during an Unfolding Crisis: How SMEs Ward off Impending Disaster.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 14: e00187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00187.
   Google Scholar
• Tracey, P., and N. Phillips. 2007. “The Distinctive Challenge of Educating Social Entrepreneurs: A Postscript and Rejoinder to the Special Issue on Entrepreneurship Education.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 6 (2): 264–271. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2007.25223465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Praag, C. M., and P. H. Versloot. 2007. “What is the Value of Entrepreneurship? A Review of Recent Research.” Small Business Economics 29 (4): 351–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9074-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wijk, J., C. Zietsma, S. Dorado, F. G. A. De Bakker, and I. Martí. 2019. “Social Innovation: Integrating Micro, Meso, and Macro Level Insights from Institutional Theory.” Business & Society 58 (5): 887–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318789104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varendh-Mansson, C., T. Wry, and A. Szafarz. 2020. “Anchors Aweigh? Then Time to Head Upstream: Why We Need to Theorize “Mission” Before “Drift.” Academy of Management Review 45 (1): 230–233. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2019.0081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitak, J. 2017. “Facebook as a Research Tool in the Social and Computer Sciences.” In The Sage Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, edited by L. Sloan and A. Quan-Haase. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, R., and C. L. Blakey. 2022. “Winter Always Comes: social Enterprise in Times of Crisis.” Social Enterprise Journal 18 (3): 489–502. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-11-2021-0087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, R. L. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Social Enterprise Sector.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 14 (2): 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2020.1861476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston, A. 2020. “Is the COVID-19 Outbreak a Black Swan or the New Normal.” MIT Sloan Management Review 16: 154–173.
   Google Scholar
• Young, D. R. 1983. If Not for Profit, for What? Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar