Therapeutic application of light and electromagnetic fields to reduce hyper-inflammation triggered by COVID-19

References

• HHammad M, Albaqami M, Pooam M , Kernevez E , Witczak J , Ritz T , Martino C , Ahmad M . Cryptochrome mediated magnetic sensitivity in Arabidopsis occurs independently of light-induced electron transfer to the flavin. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2020 Mar 1;19(3):341-352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00469f
   Google Scholar
• Ragab D, Eldin HS, Taeimah M, et al. COVID 19 cytokine storm; what we know So Far. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelandts R. A new light on Niels Finsen, a century after his Nobel Prize. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2005;21:115–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Iversen VV. A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:76–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avci P, Gupta GK, Clark J, et al. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss. Lasers Surg Med. 2014;46:144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoriou S, Papafragkaki D, Kontochristopoulos G, et al. Cytokines and other mediators in alopecia areata. Mediators Inflammation. 2010;2010:928030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Foley KA. A critical assessment of the evidence for low-level laser therapy in the treatment of hair loss. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(2):188–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablon G. Combination 830-nm and 633-nm light-emitting diode phototherapy shows promise in the treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis: preliminary findings. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi M, Na SY, Cho S, et al. Low level light could work on skin inflammatory disease: a case report on refractory acrodermatitis continua. J Korean Med Sci. 2011;26:454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston A, Xing X, Wolterink L, et al. IL-1 and IL-36 are dominant cytokines in generalized pustular psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(1):109–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, et al. Assessment of the effects of low-level laser therapy on the thyroid vascularization of patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism by color Doppler ultrasound. ISRN Endocrinol. 2012;2012:126720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brosseau L, Robinson V, Wells G, et al. Low level laser therapy (Classes I, II and III) for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;4(2005):CD002049.
   Google Scholar
• Hamblin MR. Can osteoarthritis be treated with light? Arthritis. Res Ther. 2013;15:120.
   Google Scholar
• Ip D. Does addition of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in conservative care of knee arthritis successfully postpone the need for joint replacement? Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30:2335–2339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, et al. Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;28:743–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4:337–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lima FM, Vitoretti L, Coelho F, et al. Suppressive effect of low-level laser therapy on tracheal hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation in rat subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;28:551–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Masson-Meyers DS. Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: a perspective. J Photobiol Biochem B. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111891
   Google Scholar
• Fekrazad R. Photobiomodulation and antiviral photodynamic therapy as a possible novel approach in COVID-19 management. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2020;38:255–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Zhang L, Joo D, et al. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2017;2:17023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markov M. XXIst century magnetotherapy. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015;34:190–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markov MS, Nindl G, Hazlewood C, et al. Interactions between electromagnetic fields and immune system: possible mechanisms for pain control. In: Ayrapetyan S, Markov MS, editors. Bioelectromagnetics: current Concepts. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer; 2006. p. 213–226.
   Google Scholar
• Pawluk W. Magnetic fields for pain control. In: Markov M, editor. Electromagnetic fields in biology and medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2015. p. 271–297.
   Google Scholar
• Ross CL, Harrison BS. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on inflammatory pathway markers in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. J Inflamm Res. 2013;6:45–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selvam R, Ganesan K, Narayana Raju KV, et al. Low frequency and low intensity pulsed electromagnetic field exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through restoration of plasma membrane calcium ATPase activity. Life Sci. 2007;80:2403–2410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan K, Gengadharan AC, Balachandran C, et al. Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field–a viable alternative therapy for arthritis. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009;47:939–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross CL, Zhou Y, McCall CE, et al. The use of pulsed electromagnetic field to modulate inflammation and improve tissue regeneration: a review. Bioelectricity. 2019;1:247–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo L, Kubat NJ, Isenberg RA. Pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) use in human medical applications. Electromagn Biol Med. 2011;30:21–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varcaccio-Garofalo G, Carriero C, Loizzo MR, et al. Analgesic properties of electromagnetic field therapy in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1995;22:350–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bassett CAL. Therapeutic uses of electric and magnetic fields in orthopedics. In: Karpenter D, Ayrapetyan S, editors. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994. p. 13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Cook JJ, Summers NJ, Cook EA. Healing in the new millennium: bone stimulators: an overview of where we’ve been and where we may be heading. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2015;32:45–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan J, Xin F, Jiang W. underlying signaling pathways and therapeutic applications of pulsed electromagnetic fields in bone repair. cell physiol biochem. 2018;46:1581–1594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bloise N, Petecchia L, Ceccarelli G, et al. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic field exposure on osteoinduction of human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on nano-TiO2 surfaces. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccarelli G, Bloise N, Mantelli M, et al. A comparative analysis of the in vitro effects of pulsed electromagnetic field treatment on osteogenic differentiation of two different mesenchymal cell lineages. Biores Open Access. 2013;2:283–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maziarz A, Kocan B, Bester M, et al. How electromagnetic fields can influence adult stem cells: positive and negative impacts. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016;7(1):54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saliev T, Mustapova Z, Kulsharova G, et al. Therapeutic potential of electromagnetic fields for tissue engineering and wound healing. Cell Prolif. 2014;47:485–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauch B, Herman C, Dabb R, et al. Evidence-based use of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in clinical plastic surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2009;29(2):135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamaganova IV, Iu. V, Berlin VE, et al. Arutiunova, The use of a pulsed magnetic field in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Ter Arkh. 1995;67:84–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kubat NJ, Moffett J, Fray LM. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field treatment on programmed resolution of inflammation pathway markers in human cells in culture. J Inflamm Res. 2015;8:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross C, Harrison B. The use of magnetic field for the reduction of inflammation: a review of the history and therapeutic results. Altern Ther Health Med. 2013;19(2):47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross CL, Ang DC, Almeida-Porada G. Targeting mesenchymal stromal cells/pericytes (MSCs) with pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has the potential to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Acencio MM, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy on the serum TGF-β1 concentrations in individuals with autoimmune thyroiditis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32:444–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, et al. Identification of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell. 2008;133:235–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrard RM, Morellini N, Jourdan N, et al. Low-intensity electromagnetic fields induce human cryptochrome to modulate intracellular reactive oxygen species. PLoS Biol. 2018;16:e2006229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino CF, Perea H, Hopfner U, et al. Effects of weak static magnetic fields on endothelial cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31(4):296–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran NK, George BP, Chandran R, et al. The influence of light on reactive oxygen species and NF-кB in disease progression. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8:640.
   Google Scholar
• Ehnert S, Fentz AK, Schreiner A, et al. Extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields cause antioxidative defense mechanisms in human osteoblasts via induction of •O2− and H2O2, Sc. reports. 2017;7:14544.
   Google Scholar
• Schieber M, Chandel NS. ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Biol. 2014;24:R453–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, et al. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:1126–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West AP, Brodsky IE, Rahner C, et al. TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS. Nature. 2011;472(7344):476–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigman SA, Mokhmeli S, Monici M, et al. A 57-year-old African American man with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who responded to supportive photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT): first use of PBMT in COVID-19. Am J Case Rep. 2020;21:e926779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett CAL. Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutical uses of pulse electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1989;17(5):451–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liboff AR. Signal shapes in electromagnetic therapy. In: Rosch PJ, Markov M, editors. Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. NY: Marcel Dekker; 2004. p. 17–37.
   Google Scholar
• Mullena L, Mengozzia M, Hanschmannb EM, et al. How the redox state regulates immunity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 157;September 2020:3-14.
   Google Scholar