The influence of heel pad confinement on heel pad mechanical properties

References

• Aerts, P., & De Clercq, D. (1993). Deformation characteristics of the heel region of the shod foot during a simulated heel strike: The effect of varying midsole hardness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11(5), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419308730011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aerts, P., Ker, R. F., de Clercq, D., & Ilsley, D. W. (1996). The effects of isolation on the mechanics of the human heel pad. Journal of Anatomy, 188 (2), 417–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aerts, P., Ker, R. F., De Clercq, D., Ilsley, D. W., & Alexander, R. M. (1995). The mechanical properties of the human heel pad: A paradox resolved. Journal of Biomechanics, 28(11), 1299–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(95)00009-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blechschmidt, E. (1982). The structure of the calcaneal padding. Foot & Ankle International, 2(5), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110078200200503
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, P. R., & Lafortune, M. A. (1980). Ground reaction forces in distance running. Journal of Biomechanics, 13(5), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(80)90033-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). L. Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• De Clercq, D., Aerts, P., & Kunnen, M. (1994). The mechanical characteristics of the human heel pad during foot strike in running: An in vivo cineradiographic study. Journal of Biomechanics, 27(10), 1213–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90275-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster, W. T. (1955). Space requirements of the seated operator. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
   Google Scholar
• Gooding, G. A., Stress, R. M., Graf, P. M., & Grunfeld, C. (1985). Heel pad thickness: Determination by high-resolution ultrasonography. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 4(4), 173–174. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.1985.4.4.173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C.-C., Tsai, W.-C., Shau, Y.-W., Lee, K.-L., & Hu, C.-F. (2007). Altered energy dissipation ratio of the plantar soft tissues under the metatarsal heads in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pilot study. Clinical Biomechanics, 22(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, K., Challis, J. H., & Newell, K. M. (2006). Long range correlations in the stride interval of running. Gait & Posture, 24(1), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen, K., & Ekstrand, J. (1988). Significance of heel pad confinement for the shock absorption at heel strike. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 09(06), 468–473. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1025053
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen, U., & Bojsen-Moller, F. (1989). Shock absorbency of factors in the shoe/heel interaction–with special focus on role of the heel pad. Foot & Ankle, 9(6), 294–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ker, R. F. (1996). The time-dependent mechanical properties of the human heel pad in the context of locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199(7), 1501–1508. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.7.1501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, H., Francis, P. R., Murase, T., Kawai, S., & Ogawa, T. (1996). The mechanical properties of the heel pad in elderly adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 73(5), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro, C. F., Miller, D. I., & Fuglevand, A. J. (1987). Ground reaction forces in running: A reexamination. Journal of Biomechanics, 20(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(87)90306-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pain, M. T. G., & Challis, J. H. (2001). The role of the heel pad and shank soft tissue during impacts: a further resolution of a paradox. Journal of Biomechanics, 34(3), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00199-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prichasuk, S. (1994). The heel pad in plantar heel pain. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 76-B(1), 140–142. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.76B1.8300659
   Google Scholar
• Radin, E. L., Yang, K. H., Riegger, C., Kish, V. L., & O'Connor, J. J. (1991). Relationship between lower limb dynamics and knee joint pain. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 9(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100090312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rome, K., Campbell, R., Flint, A., & Haslock, I. (2002). Heel pad thickness–A contributing factor associated with plantar heel pain in young adults. Foot & Ankle International, 23(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070202300211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spears, I. R., & Miller-Young, J. E. (2006). The effect of heel-pad thickness and loading protocol on measured heel-pad stiffness and a standardized protocol for inter-subject comparability. Clinical Biomechanics, 21(2), 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzel, M., Cetinus, E., Bilgic, E., Ekerbicer, H., & Karaoguz, A. (2006). Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography in assessment of the heel pad compressibility index of patients with plantar heel pain syndrome. Measurement of the fat pad in plantar heel pain syndrome. Joint Bone Spine, 73(2), 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittle, M. W. (1999). Generation and attenuation of transient impulsive forces beneath the foot: A review. Gait & Posture, 10(3), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00041-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar