Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer: Etiology, Diagnosis and Staging

REFERENCES

• Blasco MA, Svider PF, Tenbrunsel T, et al. Recent trends in oropharyngeal cancer funding and public interest. Laryngoscope 2017 Jun;127(6):1345–1350. doi: 10.1002/lary.26471. Epub 2017 Apr 11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piemonte EJ, Lazos PB, Secchi D, Brunotto M, Lanfranchi-Tizeira H. Oral cancer associated with chronic mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018 Mar 1;23(2):e151–e160. doi: 10.4317/medoral.22017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djuric M, Jankovic L, Jovanovic T, et al. Prevalence of oral herpes simplex virus reactivation in cancer patients: A comparison of different techniques of viral detection. J Oral Pathol Med 2009 Feb;38(2):167–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00684.x. Epub 2008 Aug 18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain M. Assessment of correlation of herpes simplex virus-1 with oral cancer and precancer — a comparative study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016 Aug;10(8):ZC14–7. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18593.8229. Epub 2016 Aug 1.
   Google Scholar
• Perry BJ, Zammit AP, Lewandowski AW, et al. Sites of origin of oral cavity cancer in nonsmokers vs. smokers: Possible evidence of dental trauma carcinogenesis and its importance compared with human papillomavirus. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015 Jan;141(1):5–11. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.2620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan KH, Hegde R, Cheever VJ, et al. Oral and pharyngeal cancer risk associated with occupational carcinogenic substances: Systematic review. Head Neck 2018 Dec;40(12):2724–2732. doi: 10.1002/hed.25486. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mork J, Møller B, Glattre E. Familial risk in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed before the age of 45: A population-based study. Oral Oncol 1999 Jul;35(4):360–7. doi: 10.1016/s1368-8375(98)00069-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi AC, Day TA, Neville BW. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma — an update. CA Cancer J Clin Sep–Oct 2015;65(5):401–21. doi: 10.3322/caac.21293. Epub 2015 Jul 27.
   Google Scholar
• Ali J, Sabiha B, Jan HU, et al. Genetic etiology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017 Jul;70:23–28. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.05.004. Epub 2017 May 17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Zhang J. Expression of mutant p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma is correlated with the effectiveness of intra-arterial chemotherapy. Oncol Lett 2015 Nov;10(5):2883–2887. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.3651. Epub 2015 Aug 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson HL, D’Agostino R, Lycan T, Commander S, Topaloglu U, Porosnicu M. Exploration of next-generation sequencing of tumor tissue and blood in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020 Apr;106(5):1115–1116. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Er TK, Wang YY, Chen CC, Herreros Villanueva M, Liu TC, Yuan SSF. Molecular characterization of oral squamous cell carcinoma using targeted next generation sequencing. Oral Dis 2015 Oct;21(7):872–8. doi: 10.1111/odi.12357. Epub 2015 Aug 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeneCards. CDKN2A gene (protein coding). www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CDKN2A&keywords=P16.
   Google Scholar
• Majchrzak E, Szybiak B, Wegner A, et al. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: A review of the literature. Radiol Oncol 2014 Jan 22;48(1):1–10. doi: 10.2478/raon-2013-0057. eCollection 2014 Mar.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tataru D, Mak V, Simo R, Davies EA, Gallagher JE. Trends in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer in London. Clin Otolaryngol 2017 Feb;42(1):104–114. doi: 10.1111/coa.12673. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JS, Thorstad WL, Chernock RB, et al. p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: An entity with a favorable prognosis regardless of tumor HPV status. Am J Surg Pathol 2010 Aug;34(8):1088–96. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181e84652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Silver CE, Rinaldo A, Mondin V. Incidence and sites of distant metastases from head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec Jul–Aug 2001;63(4):202–7. doi: 10.1159/000055740.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. 2020. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin 2020 Jan;70(1):7–30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21590. Epub 2020 Jan 8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. 2018. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018 Nov;68(6):394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhry C, Westra WH, Wang SJ, et al. The prognostic role of sex, race, and human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell cancer. Cancer 2017 May 1;123(9):1566–1575. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30353. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nøsman A, Attner P, Hammarstedt L, et al. Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) positive tonsillar carcinoma in Stockholm, Sweden: An epidemic of viral induced carcinoma? Int J Cancer 2009 Jul 15;125(2):36–6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24339.
   Google Scholar
• Marur S, D’Souza G, Westra WH, Forastiere AA. HPV-associated head and neck cancer: A virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol 2010 Aug;11(8):781–9. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70017-6. Epub 2010 May 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KJ, Jensen JS, C. Grønhøj C, et al. Impact of p16-overexpression on overall and progression free survival outcomes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas: A semi-national, population-based study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 202 Apr;106(5):1149–1150. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.224.
   Google Scholar
• Munger K, Gwin TK, McLaughlin-Drubin ME. p16 in HPV-associated cancers. Oncotarget 2013 Nov;4(11):1864–5. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.1523.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan LD, Winkler M, Carlson ER, Heidel R, Kang E, Webb D. p16 immunohistochemistry can be used to detect human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013 Aug;71(8):1367–75. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.02.019. Epub 2013 May 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar R, Tanner AM, Masood MM, et al. Oral tongue carcinoma among young patients: An analysis of risk factors and survival. Oral Oncol 2018 Sep;84:7–11. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.06.014. Epub 2018 Jun 30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakhuis BJM, Leemans CR, Visser O. Incidence and survival trends of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2011. Oral Oncol 2014 Jul;50(7):670–5. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rethman MP, Carpenter W, Cohen EEW, et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding screening for oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Am Dent Assoc 2010 May;141(5):509–20. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichart PA, Philipsen HP. Oral erythroplakia — a review. Oral Oncol 2005 Jul;41(6):551–61. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.12.003. Epub 2005 Apr 9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanik EL, Katki HA, Silverberg MJ, et al. Leukoplakia, oral cavity cancer risk and cancer survival in the U.S. elderly. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015 Sep;8(9):857–63. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0091. Epub 2015 Jul 9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2007 Nov;36(10):575–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg MS. Oral lichen planus and oral cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016 Oct;122(4):440–1. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.05.015. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghbari SMH, Abushouk AI, Attia A, et al. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: A meta-analysis of 20,095 patient data. Oral Oncol 2017 May;68:92–102. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.03.012v. Epub 2017 Apr 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speight PM. Update on oral epithelial dysplasia and progression to cancer. Head Neck Pathol 2007 Sep;1(1):61–6. doi: 10.1007/s12105-007-0014-5. Epub 2007 Nov 30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Q, Ouyang X, Chen J, Zhang P, Feng Y. A review on salivary proteomics for oral cancer screening. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020;37:47–56. doi: 10.21775/cimb.037.047. Epub 2020 Jan 17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sun J, Lin CC, Abemayor E, Wang MB, Wong DTW. The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics. Periodontol 2000 2016 Feb;70(1):38–52. doi: 10.1111/prd.12099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy SG, Kanala S, Chigurupati A, Kumar SR, Poosarla CS, Reddy BVR. The sensitivity and specificity of computerized brush biopsy and scalpel biopsy in diagnosing oral premalignant lesions: A comparative study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012 Sep;16(3):349–53. doi: 10.4103/0973-029X.102482.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Sayáns M, Reboiras-López MD, Somoza-Martín JM, et al. Measurement of ATP6V1C1 expression in brush cytology samples as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2010 Jun 15;9(12):1057–64. doi: 10.4161/cbt.9.12.11880. Epub 2010 Jun 25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujan O, Glenny AM, Oliver R, Thakker N, Sloan P. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Aust Dent J 2009 May;54(2):170–172. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01112_1.x.
   Google Scholar
• Santana JC, Delgado L, Miranda J, Sánchez M. Oral cancer case finding program (OCCFP). Oral Oncol 1997 Jan;33(1):10–2. doi: 10.1016/s0964-1955(96)00042-5.
   Google Scholar
• Hosokawa S, Takebayashi S, Sasaki Y, et al. Clinical analysis of false-negative fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck cancers. Postgrad Med 2019 Mar;131(2):151–155. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1559431. Epub 2018 Dec 17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frydrych AM, Parsons R, Threlfall T, et al. Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma survival by biopsy type: A cancer registry study. Aust Dent J 2010 Dec;55(4):378–84. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01257.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al., eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Chicago: American Joint Commission on Cancer, American College of Surgeons; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Berdugo J, Thompson LDR, Purgina B, Sturgis CD, et al. Measuring depth of invasion in early squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: Positive deep margin, extratumoral perineural invasion and other challenges. Head Neck Pathol 2019 Jun;13(2):154–161. doi: 10.1007/s12105-018-0925-3. Epub 2018 Apr 26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman AD, Chen MM, Spector ME, et al. Depth of invasion and overall survival in oral cavity cancer subsites. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020 Apr;106 (5):1160–1161. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.181.
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan B, Huang SH, Su J, Garden AS, et al. Development and validation of a staging system for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer by the International Collaboration on Oropharyngeal Cancer Network for Staging (ICON-S): A multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2016 Apr;17(4):440–451. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00560-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassouli A, Saliba J, Castano R, Hier M, Zeitouni AG. Systemic inflammatory markers as independent prognosticators of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015 Jan;37(1):103–10. doi: 10.1002/hed.23567. Epub 2014 Apr 15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Roh JL, Kim JS, et al. Chest radiography or chest CT plus head and neck CT versus 18F-FDG PET/CT for detection of distant metastasis and synchronous cancer in patients with head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2019 Jan;88:109–114. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.11.026. Epub 2018 Nov 23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson Y, Wong MH, Clayburgh D. Circulating hybrid cells as a marker of nodal metastases in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020 Apr;106(5):1125–1126. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.347.
   Google Scholar
• Haring CT, Swiecicki PL, Jewell B, Worden F, Casper K, Chinn SB, Shuman A, et al. Circulating tumor HPV DNA characteristics in high risk oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020 Apr;106 (5):1185–1186. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.120.
   Google Scholar