Publication Cover
Transportation Letters
The International Journal of Transportation Research
Volume 15, 2023 - Issue 8
301
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Millennials and automated mobility: exploring the role of generation and attitudes on AV adoption and willingness-to-pay

, &

References

  • Adrenaline, 2018. “Why the ‘Y’- Millennials and the Generation of Innovation”. www.Adrenalineshot.com
  • American Community Survey (2018). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/ Accessed on 20th April 2020
  • Asgari, H., and X. Jin. 2019. “Incorporating Attitudinal Factors to Examine Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Autonomous Vehicles.” Transportation Research Record 2019 2673 (8): 418–429. doi:10.1177/0361198119839987.
  • Asgari, H., and X. Jin. 2020. “Incorporating Habitual Behavior into Mode Choice Modeling in Light of Emerging Mobility Services.” Sustainable Cities and Society 52: 101735. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101735.
  • Asmussen, K. E., A. Mondal, and C. R. Bhat. 2020. “A socio-technical Model of Autonomous Vehicle Adoption Using Ranked Choice Stated Preference Data.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 121 (8): 102835. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.102835.
  • Asmussen, K. E., A. Mondal, and C. R. Bhat. 2022. “Adoption of Partially Automated Vehicle Technology Features and Impacts on Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT).” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 158: 156–179.
  • Bansal, P., and K. M. Kockelman. 2017. “Forecasting Americans’ Long-Term Adoption of Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Technologies.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 95: 49–63.
  • Bansal, P., K. M. Kockelman, and A. Singh. 2016. “Assessing Public Opinions of and Interest in New Vehicle Technologies: An Austin Perspective.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 67: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2016.01.019.
  • Basu, R., and J. Ferreira. 2020. “Can Increased Accessibility from Emerging Mobility Services Create a car-lite Future? Evidence from Singapore Using LUTI Microsimulation.” Transportation Letters. doi:10.1080/19427867.2020.1731993.
  • Bertoncello, M., and D. Wee (2015). “Ten Ways Autonomous Driving Could Redefine the Automotive World.” McKinsey and Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/ten-ways-autonomous-driving-could-redefine-the-automotive-world Accessed on 20th April 2020
  • Bettiga, D., L. Lamberti, and E. Lettieri. 2020. “Individuals’ Adoption of Smart Technologies for Preventive Health Care: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.” Health Care Management Science 23 (2): 203–214. doi:10.1007/s10729-019-09468-2.
  • Bierstedt, J., A. Gooze, C. Gray, J. Peterman, L. Raykin, and J. Walters. 2014. Effects of Next-Generation Vehicles on Travel Demand and Highway Capacity. FP Think Working Group.
  • Bollen, K. A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Boston Consulting Group (2018). “Revolution in the Driver’s Seat: The Road to Autonomous Vehicles”. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/automotive-consumer-insight-revolution-drivers-seat-road-autonomous-vehicles.aspx Accessed on 20th April 2020
  • Breidert, C., M. Hahsler, and T. Reutterer. 2006. “A Review of Methods for Measuring willingness-to-pay.” Innovative Marketing 2 (4): 8–32.
  • Cai, Y., H. Wang, G. P. Ong, Q. Meng, and D. H. Lee. 2019. “Investigating User Perception on Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Based mobility-on-demand (MOD) Services in Singapore Using the Logit Kernel Approach.” Transportation 46 (6): 2063–2080. doi:10.1007/s11116-019-10032-8.
  • Carrone, A. P., and J. Rich. 2021. “A micro-model of Car Ownership Dynamics: Are Preferences Changing?” Transportation Letters 13 (2): 138–147. doi:10.1080/19427867.2020.1716473.
  • Casley, S. V., A. S. Jardim, and A. M. Quartulli. A Study of Public Acceptance of Autonomous Cars. Bachelor of Science thesis. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass,2013.
  • Center for American Progress (2011). “The 911 Generation”. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2011/09/08/10363/the-911-generation/
  • Circella, G., F. Alemi, R. M. Berliner, K. Tiedeman, Y. Lee, L. Fulton, S. L. Handy, and P. L. Mokhtarian (2017). “The Multimodal Behavior of Millennials: Exploring Differences in Travel Choices between Young Adults and Gen Xers in California”, Research Report – UCD-ITS-RR-17-54, University of California Davis.
  • “Cisco Customer Experience Report for Automobile Industry,” May 2013. https://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-content?type=webcontent&articleId=1184392
  • Danise, A. “Women Say No Thanks to Driverless Cars, Survey Finds,” Men Say Tell Me More. 2015. http://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/insurance/2015/06/09/survey-consumerfears-self-driving-cars/
  • Daziano, R., M. Sarrias, and L. Benjamin, (2017). “Are Consumers Willing to Pay to Let Cars Drive for Them? Analyzing Response to Autonomous Vehicles”, Resources for the Future Discussion Paper 16-35-REV. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2851943or
  • De Vos, J., and F. Alemi. 2020. “Are Young Adults car-loving Urbanites? Comparing Young and Older Adults’ Residential Location Choice, Travel Behavior and Attitudes.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 132: 986–998.
  • Delbosc, A., and H. Nakanishi. 2017. “A Life Course Perspective on the Travel of Australian Millennials.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 104: 319–336.
  • Devaraj, A., G. Ambi Ramakrishnan, G. S. Nair, K. K. Srinivasan, C. R. Bhat, A. R. Pinjari, R. M. Pendyala, and R. M. Pendyala. 2020. “Joint Model of application-based Ride Hailing Adoption, Intensity of Use, and Intermediate Public Transport Consideration among Workers in Chennai City.” Transportation Research Record 2674 (4): 152–164. doi:10.1177/0361198120912237.
  • Donnelly, C., and R. Scaff. 2013. “Who are the Millennial Shoppers? And What Do They Really Want?” Accenture Outlook:, no. 2 1–7 .
  • Dopart, K. 2015. Automated Vehicle Research at the U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC: USDOT Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office.
  • Fan, Y., J. Chen, G. Shirkey, R. W. John, S. R, H. Park, and C. Shao. 2016. “Applications of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in Ecological Studies: An Updated Review.” Ecological Processes 5 (1) 5:19.
  • Feneri, A., S. Rasouli, and H. J. P. Timmermans. 2020. “Modeling the Effect of Mobility-as-a-Service on Mode Choice Decisions.” Transportation Letters. doi:10.1080/19427867.2020.1730025.
  • FHWA. 2015. “Benefits Estimation Framework for Automated Vehicle Operations.” In Prepared For: Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, FHWA-JPO-16-229. Washington, DC.
  • Finney, S. J., and C. Di Stefano Non-Normal and Categorical Data in Structural Equation Modeling. In Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course. 2ndG. R. Hancock and R. O. Muellereds. Information Age Publishing;Charlotte, N.C 2013:439–492
  • Garikapati, V. M., R. M. Pendyala, E. A. Morris, P. L. Mokhtarian, and N. McDonald. 2016. “Activity Patterns, Time Use, and Travel of Millennials: A Generation in Transition?” Transport Reviews 36 (5): 558–584. doi:10.1080/01441647.2016.1197337.
  • Golob, T. F. 2003. “Structural Equation Modeling for Travel Behavior Research.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 37 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1016/S0191-2615(01)00046-7.
  • Haboucha, C. J., R. Ishaq, and Y. Shiftan. 2017. “User Preferences regarding Autonomous Vehicles.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol 78 (May): 37–49. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2017.01.010.
  • Haghighi, N., R. Chamberlin, K. Fayyaz, and C. Liu. 2019. “Impact of Shared Autonomous Vehicles on Vehicle Miles Traveled in Utah.” Prepared For: Utah Department of Transportation Research Division Report No. UT-19.10.
  • Harb, M., Y. Xiao, G. Circella, P. L. Mokhtarian, and J. L. Walker. 2018. “Projecting Travelers into a World of self-driving Vehicles: Estimating Travel Behavior Implications via a Naturalistic Experiment.” Transportation 45 (6): 1671–1685. doi:10.1007/s11116-018-9937-9.
  • Harper, C. D., C. Hendrickson, S. Mangones, and C. Samaras. 2016. “Estimating Potential Increases in Travel with Autonomous Vehicles for the non-driving, Elderly and People with travel-restrictive Medical Conditions.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 72: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2016.09.003.
  • Harrop, P., and R. Das. “Autonomous Vehicles: Land, Water, Air 2015-2035.” 2015. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/autonomous-vehicles-land-water-air-2015-2035-300096548.html
  • Howard, D., and D. Dai. “Public Perceptions of Self-Driving Cars: The Case of Berkeley, California.” Presented at 93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2014.
  • Insurance , KPMG. “Marketplace of Change: Automobile Insurance in the Area of Autonomous Vehicles.” White paper, 2015. available online at: https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2016/06/id-market-place-of-change-automobile-insurance-in-the-era-of-autonomous-vehicles.pdf. Accessed august 20 (2021).
  • Investopedia, 2018. “How the Financial Crisis Affected Millennials”. https://www.investopedia.com/insights/how-financial-crisis-affected-millennials/
  • Jin, X., M. S. Hossan, H. Asgari, and K. Shams. 2018. “Incorporating Attitudinal Aspects in Roadway Pricing Analysis.” Transport Policy 62 62: 38–47. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.03.020.
  • Kim, S. H., P. L. Mokhtarian, and G. Circella. 2020. “Will Autonomous Vehicles Change Residential Location and Vehicle Ownership? Glimpses from Georgia.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 82: 102291. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102291.
  • Kim, K. H., D. H. Yook, Y. S. Ko, and D. H. Kim. “An Analysis of Expected Effects of the Autonomous Vehicles on Transport and Land Use in Korea.” Working Paper. NYU Marron Institute of Urban Management, 2015.
  • Kreuger, R., T. H. Rashidi, and V. V. Dixit. 2019. “Autonomous Driving and Residential Location Preferences: Evidence from a Stated Choice Survey.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 108: 255–268. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2019.09.018.
  • Krueger, R., T. H. Rashidi, and J. M. Rose. “Adoption of Shared Autonomous Vehicles – A Hybrid Choice Modeling Approach Based on A Stated Choice Survey.” Presented at 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2016.
  • Laslau, C., M. Holman, M. Saenko, K. See, and Z. Zhang. “Set Autopilot for Profits: Capitalizing on the $87 Billion Self-Driving Car Opportunity.” 2014. http://www.giiresearch.com/report/lux301508-set-autopilot-profits-capitalizing-on-87-billion.html
  • Lavasani, M., H. Asgari, X. Jin, and A. Pinjari (2017). “Investigating the Willingness to Pay for Autonomous Vehicles and the Likelihood of Residential Relocation”. Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
  • Lavasani*, M., X. Jin, and Y. Du. 2016. “Market Penetration Model for Autonomous Vehicles on the Basis of Earlier Technology Adoption Experience.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2597 (1): 67–74. doi:10.3141/2597-09.
  • Lavieri, P. S., and C. R. Bhat. 2019. “Investigating Objective and Subjective Factors Influencing the Adoption, Frequency, and Characteristics of ride-hailing Trips.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 105: 100–125. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2019.05.037.
  • Lee, Y., G. Circella, P. L. Mokhtarian, and S. Guhathakurta. 2019 Are Millennials More Multimodal? Alatent-class Cluster Analysis with Attitudes and Preferences among Millennial and Generation XCommuters in California . 47 5 2505–2528 . . doi:10.1007/s11116-019-10026-6.
  • Litman, T. 2018. “.” Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions, Implications for Transport Planning (www.vtpi.org: Victoria Transport Policy Institute).
  • Liu, J., S. Jones, and A. E. K. 2020. “Challenging Human Driver Taxis with Shared Autonomous Vehicles: A Case Study of Chicago.” Transportation Letters 12 (10): 701–705. doi:10.1080/19427867.2019.1694202.
  • Megens, I. I., Schaefer, W. W., van der Waerden, P. P., & Masselink, P. P. (2015). VEHICLE USERS' PREFERENCES CONCERNING AUTOMATED DRIVING Implications for transportation and market planning. EXPLORING ENERGY NEUTRAL DEVELOPMENT KenW 2 iBrabant part 4, 99.
  • Menon, N. 2015. Consumer Perception and Anticipated Adoption of Autonomous Vehicle Technology: Results from Multi-Population Surveys. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Tampa, Florida: University of South Florida.
  • Mindrila, D. (2010). Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (DWLS) Estimation Procedures: A Comparison of Estimation Bias with Ordinal and Multivariate Non-Normal Data. International Journal of Digital Society, 1(1), 60–66.
  • Missel, J. “Ipsos Mori Loyalty Automotive Survey.” 2014. https://ems.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3427/Only-18-per-cent-of-Britons-believe-driverlesscars-to-be-an-important-development-for-the-car-industryto-focus-on.aspx Accessed 12 July 2015
  • Mokhtarian, P. L., and X. Cao. 2008. “Examining the Impacts of Residential self-selection on Travel Behavior: A Focus on Methodologies.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 42 (3): 204–228. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2007.07.006.
  • Moody, J., N. Bailey, and J. Zhao. 2020. “Public Perceptions of Autonomous Vehicle Safety: An International Comparison.” Safety Science 121: 634–650. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.022.
  • Muthén, B. O. 1984. “A General Structural Equation Model with Dichotomous, Ordered Categorical, and Continuous Latent Variable Indicators.” Psychometrika 49 (1): 115–132. doi:10.1007/BF02294210.
  • Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 2007. Mplus User’s Guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nagle, T. T., and R. K. Holden. 2002. The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Namgung, M. (2014). The Relationship between Attitudes, Neighborhood Types, and Travel Behavior: Implications for Public Transportation. ( Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/
  • Nazari, F., M. Noruzoliaee, and M. A. Kouros. 2019. “Adoption of Autonomous Vehicles with Endogenous Safety Concerns: A Recursive Bivariate Ordered Probit Model.”
  • Oostendorp, R., S. Nieland, and L. Gebhardt. 2019. “Developing a User Typology considering Unimodal and Intermodal Mobility Behavior: A Cluster Analysis Approach Using Survey Data.” Eur. Transp. Res. Rev 11 (33). doi:10.1186/s12544-019-0369-1.
  • Pew Research Center (2019b). “Millennials Stand Out for Their Technology Use, but Older Generations Also Embrace Digital Life”. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/09/us-generations-technology-use/ Accessed on 20th April 2020
  • Plevka, V., P. Segaert, C. M. J. Tampère et al, et al. 2016. “Analysis of Travel Activity Determinants Using Robust Statistics.” Transportation 43 (6): 979–996. doi:10.1007/s11116-016-9718-2.
  • Popuri, Y. D., and R. R. Bhat. 2003. “On Modeling the Choice and Frequency of home-based Telecommuting by Individuals Transportation Research Record 1858 1 55–60 .”
  • Power, J. D., and Associates. “Vehicle Owners Show Willingness to Spend on Automotive Information Features.” 2012. http://www.jdpower.com/sites/default/files/2012049 Accessed on 28 January 2015
  • Rahimi, A., G. Azimi, H. Asgari, and X. Jin. 2020a. “Adoption and Willingness to Pay for Autonomous Vehicles: Attitudes and Latent Classes.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 89: 102611. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102611.
  • Rahimi, A., G. Azimi, H. Asgari, and X. Jin (2020b, August). “Potential Implications of Automated Vehicle Technologies on Travel Behavior: A Literature Review.” In International Conference on Transportation and Development 2020 (pp. 234–247). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
  • Rahimi, A., G. Azimi, and X. Jin. 2022. “What Drives Commuters to Pay for Autonomous Vehicles?” Transportation Research Record 2676 (4): 267–280. doi:10.1177/03611981211058095.
  • Rayle, L., S. Shaheen, N. Chan, D. Dai, and R. Cervero. 2014. App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco. Berkeley, California: University of California Transportation Center, UCTC-FR-2014-08.
  • Research Center, P. (2019a). “Millennial Life: How Young Adulthood Today Compares with Prior Generations?”. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/essay/millennial-life-how-young-adulthood-today-compares-with-prior-generations/ Accessed on 20th April 2020
  • Rhemtulla, M., P. E. Brosseau-Liard, and V. Savalei. 2012. “When Can Categorical Variables Be Treated as Continuous? A Comparison of Robust Continuous and Categorical SEM Estimation Methods under Suboptimal Conditions.” Psychological Methods 17 (3): 354–373. doi:10.1037/a0029315.
  • Schoettle, B., and M. Sivak. “Public Opinion about Self-Driving Vehicles in China, India, Japan, the U.S., The U.K., and Australia. Report No. UMTRI-2014-30.” University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2014.
  • Seapine Software. “Study Finds 88 Percent of Adults Would Be Worried about Riding in a Driverless Car.” 2014. [Press release]. https://orfe.princeton.edu/;alaink/SmartDrivingCars/PDFs/SeapineDriverlessCarHarrisPollFinal.pdf
  • Sener, I. N., and C. R. Bhat. 2011. “A copula-based Sample Selection Model of Telecommuting Choice and Frequency.” Environment & Planning A 43 (1): 126–145. doi:10.1068/a43133.
  • Shabanpour, R., N. Golshani, A. Shamshiripour, and A. K. Mohammadian. 2018. “Eliciting Preferences for Adoption of Fully Automated Vehicles Using best-worst Analysis.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 93: 463–478. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.06.014.
  • Shabanpour, R., A. Shamshiripour, and A. Mohammadian. 2018. “Modeling Adoption Timing of Autonomous Vehicles: Innovation Diffusion Approach.” Transportation (Amst) 45 (6, Nov): 1607–1621. doi:10.1007/s11116-018-9947-7.
  • Skrondal, A., and S. Rabe-Hesketh. 2005. “Structural Equation Modeling: Categorical Variables.” Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. doi:10.1002/0470013192.bsa596.
  • Spurlock, C. A., J. Sears, G. Wong-Parodi, V. Walker, L. Jin, M. Taylor, A. Duvall, A. Gopal, and A. Todd. 2019. “Describing the Users: Understanding Adoption of and Interest in Shared, Electrified, and Automated Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area.” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ 71 (Jan): 283–301. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2019.01.014.
  • Stanley research global, M. “Autonomous Cars: Self-driving the New Auto Industry Paradigm.” 2013. https://orfe.princeton.edu/;alaink/SmartDrivingCars/PDFs/Nov2013Morgan-Stanley-Blue-Paper-Autonomouscars%Ef%Bc%9a-Self-Driving-The-Newauto-Industry-Paradigm.pdf Accessed 15 July 2015.
  • Stewart, J. S., E. G. Oliver, K. S. Cravens, and S. Oishi. 2017. “Managing Millennials: Embracing Generational Differences.” Business Horizons 60 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.011.
  • Talebian, A., and S. Mishra. 2018. “Predicting the Adoption of Connected Autonomous Vehicles: A New Approach Based on the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations.” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol 95 (Oct): 363–380. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.06.005.
  • Tarka, P. 2018. “An Overview of Structural Equation Modeling: Its Beginnings, Historical Development, Usefulness and Controversies in the Social Sciences.” Quality & Quantity 52 (1): 313–354. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0469-8.
  • Taylor, C. R. 2018. “Generational Research and Advertising to Millennials.” International Journal of Advertising 37 (2): 165–167. doi:10.1080/02650487.2018.1432102.
  • TE Connectivity Autonomous Vehicle Survey, 2013. https://www.te.com/usa-en/about-te/news-center/corporatenews/2013/2013-06-25-te-connectivity-survey-finds-safetythe-top-consumer-priority-in-adopting-autonomous-vehicletechnology-.html Accessed 18 July 2015
  • Tiedeman, K., G. Circella, F. Alemi, and R. M. Berliner (2017). “What Drives Millennials: A Comparison of Vehicle Miles Traveled between Millennials and Generation X in California”. Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
  • Wang, K., T. Bhowmik, S. Yasmin, S. Zhao, N. Eluru, and E. Jackson. 2019. “Multivariate Copula Temporal Modeling of Intersection Crash Consequence Metrics: A Joint Estimation of Injury Severity, Crash Type, Vehicle Damage and Driver Error.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 125: 188–197. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.036.
  • Xue, Q. L. 2007. “Introduction to Path Analysis”. John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. https://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/StructuralModels/PDFs/Lecture3.pdf
  • Yvkoff, L. “Many Car Buyers Show Interest in Autonomous Car Tech.” 2012. http://www.cnet.com/news/many-car-buyersshow-interest-in-autonomous-car-tech/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.