References
- Abaza, J. (2016). Egyptian Workers Face Clampdown in Jordan as Syrians Join Labor Market, Middle East Eye, August 29, 2016. Available at: https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/egyptian-workers-face-clampdown-jordan-syrians-join-labour-market, accessed August 23, 2019.
- Agulhas (2019) Independent Monitor’s Assessment Report: Jordan Compact and Brussels Meetings (Amman: Agulhas).
- AlDaja, T. (2018) AlHammouri: Brussels Agreement Reduces Syrian Employment Condition to 15%, AlGhad, December 18, 2018. Available at: https://alghad.com/الحموري-اتفاق-بروكسل-يخفض-شرط-ت/, accessed August 16, 2019.
- Alhajahmad, S., & Lockhart, D. (2017) Statistics Brief: Syrian Refugee Employment Trends in Jordan (Amman: WANA Institute, Royal Scientific Society).
- AlManar (2018) Human Resource Indicators in Jordan in 2017 (Amman: AlManar).
- Almasri, S. (2018) Tailor Made: How Syrian refugee women are finding their own way to join the Jordanian economy (Amman: Oxfam). Available at: https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/tailor-made-how-syrian-refugee-women-are-finding-their-own-way-to-join-the-jord-620530, accessed August 31, 2019.
- AlNatour, E. (2018) Where do the Egyptian workers live in Jordan?, Ethical Journalism Network. Available at: https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/egyptian-workers-jordan, accessed August 24, 2019.
- Arar, R. (2017) The New Grand Compromise: How Syrian Refugees Changed the Stakes in the Global Refugee Assistance Regime, Middle East Law and Governance, 9(3), pp. 298–312.
- Azmeh, S., & Nadvi, K. (2013) ‘Greater Chinese’ Global Production Networks in the Middle East: The Rise of the Jordanian Garment Industry, Development and Change, 44(6), pp. 1317–1340.
- Azzeh, L. (2014) Culture of Shame, Low Salaries Driving Jordanians away from Industry Sector Jobs, The Jordan Times, October 23, 2014. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/culture-shame-low-salaries-driving-jordanians-away-industry-sector-jobs%E2%80%99, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Barbelet, V., Hagen-Zanker, J., & Mansour-Ille, D. (2018) The Jordan Compact: Lessons Learnt and Implications for Future Refugee Compacts (London: Overseas Development Institute).
- Barbelet, V., Ludi, E., Hagen-Zanker, Carver, F., & Wilem Te Velde, D. (2019) How to Ensure Ethiopia’s ‘Jobs Compact Works for Refugees. Refugees Deeply. Available at: https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2019/01/14/how-to-ensure-ethiopias-jobs-compact-works-for-refugees, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Better Work, J. (2017) Examining Barriers to Workforce Inclusion of Syrian Refugees in Jordan (Amman: International Labor Organization).
- Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2015) Help Refugees Help Themselves: Let Displaced Syrians Join the Labor Market. Foreign Affairs. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/levant/2015-10-20/help-refugees-help-themselves, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Cali, M. (2015) How has Syria’s civil war affected trade in neighboring countries? World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/how-has-syrias-civil-war-affected-trade-in-neighbouring-countries/, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Collyer, M., & King, R. (2016) Narrating Europe's Migration and Refugee ‘Crisis’, Human Geography, 9(2), pp. 1–12.
- Crisp, J. (2001) Mind the Gap! UNHCR, Humanitarian Assistance and the Development Process, International Migration Review, 35(1), pp. 168–191.
- Cuéllar, M. (2006) Refugee Security and the Organizational Logic of Legal Mandates, Georgetown Journal of International Law, 37, pp. 583–723.
- Department of Statistics (2017) Population Survey (Amman: Department of Statistics).
- Desai, R., Olofsgard, A., & Yousef, T. (2009) The Logic of Authoritarian Bargains, Economics & Politics, 21(1), pp. 93–125.
- Dupire, C. (2017) Jordanian Labor Market Suffers from ‘Abundant’ Foreign Workforce — Study, The Jordan Times, October 5, 2017. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordanian-labour-market-suffers-abundant%E2%80%99-foreign-workforce-%E2%80%94-study, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Dupire, C. (2018a) Refugee Women ‘Worse Off’ Two Years into Jordan Compact — Report, The Jordan Times, September 11, 2018. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/refugee-women-%E2%80%98worse-%E2%80%99-two-years-jordan-compact-%E2%80%94-report, accessed September 1, 2019.
- Dupire, C. (2018b) Non-Syrian Refugees ‘Suffer Even More’ since Jordan Compact, The Jordan Times, September 13, 2018. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/non-syrian-refugees-%E2%80%98suffer-even-more%E2%80%99-jordan-compact, accessed August 20, 2019.
- El-Abed, O. (2014) The Discourse of Guesthood: Forced Migrants in Jordan. In: Fabos, A. & Isotalo, R. (eds) Managing Muslim Mobilities: Between Spiritual Geographies and the Global Security Regime, pp. 81–100 (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
- European Commission (2015) The European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Stability and Addressing the Root Causes of Irregular Migration and Displaced Persons in Africa (Brussels: Strategic Orientation Document).
- European Commission (2016) EU-Jordan: Towards a Stronger Partnership [Press release], July 20. Available at: https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-2570_en.htm, accessed August 19, 2019.
- European Commission (2017) Showcasing New Trade and Business Opportunities for Jordan and the EU [Press release], May 3. Available at: https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1171_en.htm, accessed August 17, 2019.
- European Commission (2019) Countries and regions: Jordan. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/jordan/, accessed August 17, 2019.
- Fakih, A., & Ibrahim, M. (2016) The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Labor Market in Neighboring Countries: Empirical Evidence from Jordan, Defence and Peace Economics, 27(1), pp. 64–86.
- Friberg, J., & Midtbøen, A. (2019) The Making of Immigrant Niches in an Affluent Welfare State, International Migration Review, 53(2), pp. 322–345.
- Gibson, I. (2015) An Analysis of Jordan’s 2013 Policy regarding Iraqi Refugees, Social Identities, 21(3), pp. 199–210.
- Grawert, E. (2019) The EU–Jordan Compact: A Model for Burden-Sharing in Refugee Crises? (Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion). Available at: https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/BICC_Policy_Brief_3_2019.pdf, accessed July 30, 2019.
- Harrigan, J., El-Said, H., & Wang, C. (2006) The IMF and the World Bank in Jordan: A Case of over Optimism and Elusive Growth, The Review of International Organizations, 1(3), pp. 263–292.
- Harrison, G., Mulley, S., & Holtom, D. (2009) Tanzania: A Genuine Case of Recipient Leadership in the Aid System? In: Whitfield, L. (ed.) The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors, pp. 271–298 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
- Hartnett, A. (2018) The Effect of Refugee Integration on Migrant Labor in Jordan, Review of Middle East Studies, 52(2), pp. 263–282.
- Howden, D., Patchett, H., & Alfred, C. (2017) The compact experiment: Push for refugee jobs confronts reality of Jordan and Lebanon. Refugees Deeply. Available at: http://issues.newsdeeply.com/the-compact-experiment, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Huang, C., & Gough, K. (2019) The Jordan Compact: Three Years On, Where Do We Stand? Center for Global Development, March 11. Available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/jordan-compact-three-years-on, accessed August 18, 2019.
- ILO (2012) Jordan Decent Work Country Program 2012-2015 (Amman: International Labor Organization).
- ILO (2015) Access to Work for Syrian Refugees in Jordan: A Discussion Paper on Labor and Refugee Laws and Policies (Beirut: International Labor Organization, Regional Office for Arab States). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_357950.pdf, accessed August 14, 2019.
- ILO (2017a) Jordan Issues First-of-Their-Kind Work Permits to Syria Refugees in the Arab Region. [Press release], August 9 (Beirut: International Labor Organization). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_568722/lang--en/index.htm, accessed August 20, 2019.
- ILO (2017b) Work Permits and Employment of Syrian Refugees in Jordan: Towards Formalising the Work of Syrian Refugees (Beirut: International Labor Organization, Regional Office for Arab States. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_559151.pdf, accessed August 17, 2019.
- International Rescue Committee (2017) Solving the Refugee Employment Problem in Jordan: A Survey of Syrian Refugees (Amman: International Rescue Committee). Available at: https://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/1527/irc-syrianrefugeeemployment-72dpi-041117.pdf, accessed August 17, 2019.
- Jauch, H. (2002) Export Processing Zones and the Quest for Sustainable Development: A Southern African Perspective, Environment and Urbanization, 14(1), pp. 101–113.
- Jordan INGO Forum (2019) JIF Briefing Paper for the London Initiative (Amman: Jordan INGO Forum & Norwegian Refugee Council). Available at: http://jordaningoforum.org/2019/02/18/position-paper-jif-london-initiative-for-jordan/, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Jordan, Government of (1996) Labor Code, Law No. 8 of 1996. Dated 2 March. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/45676/65048/E96JOR01.htm, accessed August 5, 2019.
- Jordan Labor Watch (2017) Access to Decent Work in Jordan (Amman: Phenix Center For Economic and Informatics Studies). Available at: http://phenixcenter.net/en/access-decent-work-jordan-2017/, accessed July 15, 2019.
- Jordan Strategy Forum (2016) Job Creation in Jordan: Emphasizing the Role of the Private Sector. (Amman: Jordan Strategy Forum). Available at: http://jsf.org/sites/default/files/Job%20Creation%20in%20Jordan.pdf, accessed August 15 2019.
- Kaiser, T. (2005) Participating in Development? Refugee Protection, Politics and Developmental Approaches to Refugee Management in Uganda, Third World Quarterly, 26(2), pp. 351–367.
- Kattaa, M., & Byrne, M. (2018) Quality of Work for Syrian Refugees in Jordan, Forced Migration Review, 58, pp. 45–46.
- Kelberer, V. (2016) Putting Refugee Permits to Work, Middle East Report, 278, pp. 16–17. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2016/06/kelberer278.pdf, accessed August 15, 20191.
- Kelberer, V. (2017a) Negotiating Crisis: International Aid and Refugee Policy in Jordan, Middle East Policy, 24(4), pp. 148–165.
- Kelberer, V. (2017b) The Work Permit Initiative for Syrian Refugees in Jordan: Implications for Policy and Practice (Boston: Boston Consortium of Arab Region Studies). Available at: https://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2017/02/Vicky1.pdf, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Knowles, W. (2005) Jordan since 1989: A Study in Political Economy (London: I. B. Tauris).
- Lenner, K., & Turner, L. (2019) Making Refugees Work? The Politics of Integrating Syrian Refugees into the Labor Market in Jordan, Middle East Critique, 28(1), pp. 65–95.
- Library of Congress (2016) Refugee Law and Policy: Jordan. Available at: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/refugee-law/jordan.php, accessed August 19, 2019.
- Linnemann, H., van Dijck, P., & Verbruggen, H. (1987) Export-Oriented Industrialization in Developing Countries (Manila: National University Singapore Press).
- Livelihood Working Group (2017) Minutes of Livelihood Working Group Meeting 7 November 2017. (Amman: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: EMOPS room UNHCR Khalda).
- Livelihood Working Group (2019a) Minutes of Livelihood Working Group Meeting 20 June 2019 (Amman: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: EMOPS room UNHCR Khalda).
- Livelihood Working Group (2019b) Minutes of Livelihood Working Group Meeting 16 May 2019 (Amman: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: EMOPS room UNHCR Khalda).
- Lockhart, D. (2019) Syrian Refugee Labor Inclusion Policy in Jordan: Emerging Trends Two Years In (Amman: WANA Institute, Royal Scientific Society).
- Middle East Monitor (2018) Minister: 1,516 Jordanians granted work permits in Qatar, September 28. Available at: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180928-minister-1516-jordanians-granted-work-permits-in-qatar/, accessed August 17, 2019.
- Mikadze, M., & Alhajahmad, S. (2017) Investment and Business in Jordan to Create Employment: Opportunities and Challenges (Amman: WANA Institute, Royal Scientific Society).
- Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply (2013) National Export Strategy 2014-2019 (Amman: Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply). Available at http://inform.gov.jo/en-us/By-Date/Report-Details/ArticleID/56, accessed July 12, 2019.
- Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply (2016) Simplification of EU Rules of Origin (Amman: Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply). Available at https://www.jic.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/V9-English-Pamphlet-For-Website-Reduced.pdf, accessed July 31, 2019.
- Ministry of Labor (2010) National Employment Strategy 2011-2020 (Amman: Ministry of Labor). Available at: http://inform.gov.jo/Portals/0/Report%20PDFs/2.%20Human%20&%20Social%20Development/iv.%20Employment/2011-2020%20National%20Employment%20Strategy.pdf, accessed August 19, 2019.
- Ministry of Labor (2015) Annual Report 2015 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2016a) Annual Report 2016 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2016b) Closed Professions in Jordan for Migrant Workers (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2017a) Syrian Refugee Unit, Work Permit Progress Report November 2017 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2017b) Annual Report 2017 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2018a) Syrian Refugee Unit, Work Permit Progress Report June 2018 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2018b) Syrian Refugee Unit Work Permit Progress Report December 2018 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2018c) Frequently Asked Questions: Work Permits for Syrian Refugees in Jordan (Valid as of December 2018) (Amman: Ministry of Labor). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/frequently-asked-questions-work-permits-syrian-refugees-jordan-valid-december-2018, accessed August 18, 2019.
- Ministry of Labor (2019) Annual Report, 2019 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Labor (2020) Syrian Refugee Unit, Work Permit Progress Report December 2020 (Amman: Ministry of Labor).
- Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (2017) Jordan Response Plan for the Syria Crisis 2018-2020 (Amman: Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation).
- Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (2018) A Cabinet Decision Was Issued to Allow Syrians to Register and Operate Home-Based Businesses (Amman: Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/67242.pdf, accessed August 17, 2019.
- Obeidat, O. (2016) Industrial Sector Leaders Say Integrating Syrians in Workforce No Threat to Jordanians, The Jordan Times, February 22, 2016. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/industrial-sector-leaders-say-integrating-syrians-workforce-no-threat-jordanians, accessed August 22, 2019.
- Omari, R. (2015) Jordan’s Agricultural Exports Key Victim of Syria Crisis. The Jordan Times, August 27, 2015. Available at: https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan’s-agricultural-exports-key-victim-syria-crisis, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Pierini, M., & Hackenbroich, J. (2015) A Bolder EU strategy for Syrian Refugees. Carnegie Europe. Available at: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/07/15/bolder-eu-strategy-for-syrian-refugees-pub-60712?fbclid=IwAR3vxpq9-Hw_SJ-NDkjwhXveoiHMfopEazMUbgXV5Csw7fzPn4Og9Gatkcs, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Piro, T. (1998) The Political Economy of Market Reform in Jordan (Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield).
- Prieto, A. (2018a) Jordan Labor Watch calls for halting amendment to Labor Law, The Jordan Times, February 19, 2018. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-labour-watch-calls-halting-amendment-labour-law, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Prieto, A. (2018b) Foreign Workers Still Subject to Exploitation Due to Fragile Legal Status—Report, The Jordan Times, May 22, 2018. Available at: http://jordantimes.com/news/local/foreign-workers-still-subject-exploitation-due-fragile-legal-status-%E2%80%94-report, accessed August 16, 2019.
- Prieto, A. (2018c) 108,000 Work Permits Issued for Syrian Refugees since Onset of Crisis, The Jordan Times, August 13, 2018. Available at: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/108000-work-permits-issued-syrian-refugees-onset-crisis, accessed August 18, 2019.
- Quran, L. (2016) Jordan's Sudanese Refugees: 'We Are tired’, AlJazeera, September 19, 2016. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/jordan-sudanese-refugees-tired-160918111455238.html, accessed August 20, 2019.
- Ramadan, A. (2013) Spatialising the Refugee Camp, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(1), pp. 65–7.
- Randere, K. (2012) Workforce Nationalisation in the Gulf Cooperation Council States (Doha: Georgetown University Center for International and Regional Studies, Occasional Paper 9). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289493292_Workforce_Nationalisation_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_States/references, accessed August 16, 2019.
- Razzaz, S. (2017) A Challenging Market Becomes More Challenging: Jordanian Workers, Migrant Workers and Refugees in the Jordanian Labor Market (Beirut: International Labor Organization, Regional Office for Arab States). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_556931.pdf, accessed August 15, 2019.
- Reznick, A. (2016) Syrian Worker Programme Faces Hurdles in Jordan, AlJazeera, September 23, 2016. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/syrian-worker-programme-faces-hurdles-jordan-160919073944811.html, accessed August 3, 2019.
- Robins, P. (2004) A History of Jordan (New York: Cambridge University Press).
- Ryan, C. (2018) Jordan and the Arab Uprisings: Regime Survival and Politics Beyond the State (New York: Columbia University Press).
- Seeberg, P., & Shteiwi, M. (2017) Introduction: New Challenges for the European Union in the Arab Mediterranean and the Revision of the European Neighbourhood Policy, European Foreign Affairs Review, 22(1), pp. 1–17.
- Smith, C., & Pun, N. (2006) The Dormitory Labor Regime in China as a Site for Control and Resistance, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(8), pp. 1456–1470.
- Sowell, K. (2017) Reforming Jordan’s Labor Market. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/74796, accessed August 16, 2019.
- Trading Economics (2019) Jordan GDP Annual Growth Rate. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/jordan/gdp-growth-annual, accessed August 16, 2019.
- Tsourapas, G. (2019) The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4(4), pp. 464–418.
- Turner, L. (2015) Explaining the (Non-)Encampment of Syrian Refugees: Security, Class and the Labor Market in Lebanon and Jordan, Mediterranean Politics, 20(3), pp. 386–404.
- Turner, L. (2019) Three Years of the Jordan Compact: The (Gendered) Challenges of Providing Work Permits for Syrian Refugees, July 12. Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2019/07/12/three-years-of-the-jordan-compact-the-gendered-challenges-of-providing-work-permits-for-syrian-refugees/, accessed September 2, 2019.
- UNDP (2013) The Informal Sector in the Jordanian Economy (Amman: United Nations Development Programme). Available at: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/jordan/docs/Publications/Gov/The%20Informal%20Sector%20in%20the%20Jordanian%20Economy-jo.pdf, accessed July 29, 2019.
- UNHCR (2016) Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015 (Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/57678f3d4.html, accessed August 15, 2019.
- UNHCR (2019a) Jordan Factsheet, January 2019 (Amman: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/67841.pdf, accessed August 15, 2019.
- UNHCR (2019b) Syria Regional Refugee Response: Interagency Information Sharing Portal (Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Available at: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php, accessed August 15, 2019.
- UN Women (2017) Women Working: Jordanian and Syrian Refugee Women's Labor Force (Brief). (Amman: UN Women). Available at: https://jordan.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2017/3/women-working-jordanian-and-syrian-refugee-womens-labour-force#view, accessed August 5, 2019.
- USAID (2017) Launch of the Home-Based Business Regulations, October 19. Available at: https://jordanlens.org/activity/launch-home-based-business-regulations-october-19-2017, accessed August 15, 2019.
- World Bank (2016a) $300 million to Improve Employment Opportunities for Jordanians and Syrian Refugees [Press release], September 27. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/09/27/300-million-to-improve-employment-opportunities-for-jordanians-and-syrian-refugees, accessed August 17, 2019.
- World Bank (2016b) Jordan: Economic Opportunities for Jordanians and Syrian Refugees Program for Results Project. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/802781476219833115/pdf/Jordan-PforR-PAD-P159522-FINAL-DISCLOSURE-10052016.pdf, accessed August 5, 2019.