7,351
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research articles

Contamination of groundwater by arsenic: a review of occurrence, causes, impacts, remedies and membrane-based purification

, , , , , & show all
Pages 295-316 | Received 07 Dec 2008, Accepted 24 Jun 2009, Published online: 30 Nov 2009

References

  • Acharyya , S K . 2002 . Arsenic contamination in groundwater affecting major parts of Southern West Bengal and parts of Western Chhattisgarh: source and mobilization process . Curr Sci , 82 ( 6 ) : 740 – 743 .
  • Akai , J , Izumi , K , Fukuhara , H , Nakano , H S , Yoshimura , T , Ohfuji , H , Anawar , M H and Akai , K . 2004 . Minerological and geomicrobiological investigations of groundwater arsenic enrichment in Bangladesh . Appl Geochem , 19 : 215 – 230 .
  • Balaji , S , Ghosh , B , Das , M C , Gangopadhyay , A K , Singh , K , Lal , S , Das , A , Chatterjee , S K and Banerjee , N N . 2000 . Removal kinetics of arsenic from aqueous media on modified alumina . Ind J Chem Technol , 7 : 30 – 34 .
  • Beolchini , F , Pagnanelli , F , De Michelis , I and Veglio , F . 2007 . Treatment of arsenic (V) solutions by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration with high molecular weight cut-off membrane . J Hazard Mater , 148 ( 1–2 ) : 116 – 121 .
  • Berg , M , Tran , H C , Nguyen , T C , Pham , H V , Schertenleib , R and Giger , W . 2001 . Arsenic contamination of ground water and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat . Environ Sci Technol , 35 : 2621 – 2626 .
  • Bhattacharjee , S , Chakravarty , S , Maity , S V , Dureja , V and Gupta , K K . 2005 . Metal contents in the ground water of Sahebgunj district, Jharkhand, India, with special reference to arsenic . Chemosphere , 58 : 1203 – 1217 .
  • Brandhuber , P and Amy , G . 1998 . Alternative methods for membrane filtration of arsenic from drinking water . Desalination , 117 ( 1–3 ) : 1 – 10 .
  • Brandhuber , P and Amy , G . 2001 . Arsenic removal by charged ultrafiltration membrane – influences of membrane operating conditions and water quality on arsenic rejection . Desalination , 140 : 1 – 14 .
  • Braunwald , F , Kasper , H and Longo , J . 2001 . Harrison's principles of internal medicine , 15th ed , New York : Mc Graw Hill .
  • Brewster , M D . 1992 . Removing arsenic from contaminated wastewater . Water Environ Technol , 4 : 54 – 57 .
  • Brown , K G , Boyle , K E , Chen , C W and Gibbs , H J . 1989 . A dose–response analysis of skin cancer from inorganic arsenic in drinking water . Risk Anal , 9 ( 4 ) : 519 – 528 .
  • Buchet , J P and Lison , D . 1998 . Mortality by cancer in groups of Belgian population with a moderately increased intake of arsenic . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 71 ( 2 ) : 125 – 130 .
  • Chakraborti , D , Mukherjee , S C , Pati , S , Sengupta , M K , Rahman , M M , Chowdhury , U K , Lodh , D , Chanda , C R , Chakraborty , A K and Basu , G K . 2003 . Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger? . Environ Health Perspect , 111 : 1194 – 1201 .
  • Chatterjee , A K . 2000 . Introduction to environmental biotechnology , 151 – 152 . New Delhi, , India : Prentice-Hall .
  • Chen , C J , Chiou , H Y , Chiang , M H , Lin , L J and Tai , T Y . 1996 . Dose-response relationship between ischemic heart disease mortality and long-term arsenic exposure . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , 16 ( 4 ) : 504 – 510 .
  • Chen , C J , Hsueh , Y M , Lai , M S , Shyu , M P , Chen , S Y , Wu , M M , Kuo , T L and Tai , T Y . 1995 . Increased prevalence of hypertension and long-term arsenic exposure . Hypertension , 25 ( 1 ) : 53 – 60 .
  • Chen , Y , Parvez , F , Gamble , M , Islam , T , Ahmed , A , Argos , M , Graziano , J H and Ashan , H [Internet] . 2009 . Arsenic exposure at low-to-moderate levels and skin lesions, arsenic metabolism, neurological functions, and biomarkers for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases: review of recent findings from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.010
  • Cheng , R C , Liang , S , Wang , H C and Beuhler , M D . 1994 . Enhanced coagulation for arsenic removal . J Am Water Works Assoc , 86 ( 9 ) : 79 – 90 .
  • Chiou , H Y , Huang , W I , Su , C L , Chang , S F , Hsu , Y H , Wei , M L and Chen , C J . 1997 . Dose–response relationship between prevalence of cerebrovascular disease and ingested inorganic arsenic . Stroke , 28 ( 9 ) : 1717 – 1723 .
  • Choong , T , Chuah , T G , Robiah , Y , Koay , F LG and Azni , I . 2007 . Arsenic toxicity, health hazards and removal techniques from water: an overview . Desalination , 217 : 139 – 166 .
  • Chowdhury , U K , Biswas , B K , Chowdhury , T R , Samanta , G , Mandal , B K , Basu , G C , Chitta , R , Lodh , D , Saha , K C Mukherjee , S K . 2000 . Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India . Environ Health Perspect , 108 ( 5 ) : 393 – 397 .
  • Das , D , Chatterjee , A , Mondal , B K , Samanta , G , Chanda , C and Chakraborti , D . 1995 . Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India. The biggest arsenic calamity in the world, Part 2: arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nail, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people . Analyst , 120 : 917 – 924 .
  • Das , D , Chatterjee , A , Samanta , G , Mandal , B K , Chowdhury , T R , Chowdhury , P P , Chanda , C , Basu , D , Lodh , S Nandi , T . 1994 . Arsenic contamination in groundwater in 6 districts of West Bengal, India – the biggest arsenic calamity in the world . Analyst , 119 : N168 – N170 .
  • Ding , Z H , Zheng , B S , Long , J P , Belkin , H E , Finkelman , R B , Chen , C G , Zhou , D X and Zhou , Y S . 2001 . Geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in Southwestern Gulzhou Province of China . Appl Geochem , 16 : 153 – 1360 .
  • DPHE-BGS-MML (Department of Public Health Engineering, British Geological Survey, Mott MacDonald Ltd) . 1999 . Groundwater studies for arsenic contamination in Bangladesh Phase I: Rapid Investigation Phase
  • Edwards , M . 1994 . Chemistry of arsenic removal during coagulation and Fe–Mn oxidation . J Am Water Works Assoc , 86 ( 9 ) : 64 – 78 .
  • Edwards , M and Benjamin , M M . 1989 . Regeneration and reuse of iron hydroxide adsorbents in treatment of metal-bearing wastes . J Water Pollut Centre Feder , 61 : 481 – 490 .
  • Elizalde-Gonzalez , M P , Mattusch , J , Einicke , W D and Wennrich , R . 2001 . Sorption on natural solids for removal . Chem Eng J , 81 : 187 – 195 .
  • Floch , J and Hideg , M . 2004 . Application of ZW-1000 membranes for arsenic removal from water sources . Desalination , 162 : 75 – 83 .
  • Fogarassy , E , Galambos , I , Bekassy-Molnar , E and Vatai Gy . 2009 . Treatment of high arsenic content wastewater by membrane filtration . Desalination , 240 ( 1–3 ) : 270 – 273 .
  • Gecol , H , Ergican , E and Fuchs , A . 2004 . Molecular level separation of arsenic (V) from water using cationic surfactant micelles and ultrafiltration membrane . Journal of Membrane Science , 241 : 105 – 119 .
  • Geucke , T , Deowan , S A , Hoinkis , J and Patzold Ch . 2009 . Performance of a small-scale RO desalinator for arsenic removal . Desalination , 239 : 198 – 206 .
  • Goswami , A B . 2002 . “ Hydrological status of West Bengal ” . In Changing environmental scenario of the Indian sub continent , Edited by: Basu , S R . 299 – 314 . Calcutta, , India : ACS .
  • Grafe , M , Eick , M J and Grossi , P R . 2001 . Adsorption of arsenate (V) and arsenite (III) on Goethite in the presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon . Soil Sci Soc Am J , 65 : 1680 – 1687 .
  • Greenleof , J E , Lin , J and Sengupta , A K . 2006 . Two novel applications of ion exchange fibers: arsenic removal and chemical-free softening of hard water . Environ Progr , 25 : 300 – 311 .
  • Guha Mazumder , D N . 2003 . Chronic arsenic toxicity: clinical features, epidemiology, and treatment: experience in West Bengal . J Environ Sci Health A: Toxic/Haz Sub Environ Eng , 38 : 141 – 163 .
  • Hafeman , D M , Ashan , H , Louis , E D , Siddique , A B , Slavkovich , V , Cheng , Z , Van Geen , A and Graziano , J H . 2005 . Association between arsenic exposure and a measure of subclinical sensory neuropathy in Bangladesh . J Occup Environ Med , 47 ( 8 ) : 778 – 784 .
  • Han , B , Runnells , T , Zimbron , J and Wickramasinghe , R . 2002 . Arsenic removal from drinking water by flocculation and microfiltration . Desalination , 145 : 293 – 298 .
  • Harvey , C F , Ashfaque , K N , Yu , W , Badruzzaman , A BM , Ali , M A , Oates , P M , Michael , H A , Neurmann , R B , Beckie , R Islam , S . 2006 . Groundwater dynamics and arsenic contamination in Bangladesh . Chem Geol , 228 : 112 – 136 .
  • Harvey , C F , Swartz , C H , Badruzzaman , A BM , Keon-Blute , N , Yu , W , Ali , M A , Jay , J , Beckie , R V , Niedan , D Brabander , D . 2002 . Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh . Science , 298 : 1602 – 1606 .
  • Hatice , G , Erdogan , E and Alan , F . 2004 . Molecular level separation of arsenic (V) from water using cationic surfactant micelles and ultra filtration membrane . J Membr Sci , 241 : 105 – 119 .
  • Heredia , O S and Cirelli , A F . 2009 . Trace elements distribution in soil, pore water and groundwater in Buenos Aires, Argentina . Geoderma , 149 ( 3–4 ) : 409 – 414 .
  • Hering , G , Chen , P Y , Wilkie , J A and Elimelech , M . 1997 . Arsenic removal from drinking water during coagulation . J Env Eng. ASCE , 123 ( 8 ) : 800 – 807 .
  • Hering , J G , Chen , P Y , Wilkie , J A , Elimelech , M and Liang , S . 1996 . Arsenic removal by ferric chloride . J Am Water Works Assoc , 88 ( 4 ) : 155 – 167 .
  • Hertz-Picciotto , I and Smith , A H . 1993 . Observations on the dose–response curve for arsenic exposure and lung cancer . Scand J Work Environ Health , 19 ( 4 ) : 217 – 226 .
  • Hsieh , L C , Weng , Y , Huang , C P and Li , K C . 2008 . Removal of arsenic from groundwater by electro-ultrafiltration . Desalination , 234 : 402 – 408 .
  • IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) . 1987 . IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs, 1–42(7) , 100 – 206 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
  • Islam , F S , Gault , A G , Boothman , C , Polya , D A , Charnock , J M , Chatterjee , D and Lloyd , J R . 2004 . Role of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments . Nature , 430 : 68 – 71 .
  • Jain , C K and Ali , I . 2000 . Arsenic: occurrence, toxicity and speciation techniques . Water Res , 34 : 4304 – 4312 .
  • Kang , M , Kawasaki , M , Tamada , S , Kamei , T and Magara , Y . 2000 . Effect of pH on the removal of arsenic and antimony using reverse osmosis membranes . Desalination , 131 : 293 – 298 .
  • Karim , M DM . 2000 . Arsenic in groundwater and health problems in Bangladesh . Water Res , 34 : 304 – 310 .
  • Kartinen , E O and Martin , C J . 1995 . An overview of arsenic removal processes . Desalination , 103 : 79 – 88 .
  • Katsoyiannis , I A and Zouboulis , A I . 2004 . Application of biological processes for the removal of arsenic from groundwater . Water Res , 38 : 17 – 26 .
  • Kazuo , H and Toshio , A . 1998 . Development of activated alumina for water purification . Sumitomo Kagaku , 2 : 4 – 10 .
  • Klump , S , Kipfer , R , Cirpka , O , Harvey , C F , Brenwald , M , Ashfaque , K , Badruzzaman , A , Hug , S and Imboden , D M . 2006 . Groundwater dynamics and arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh assessed using noble gases and tritium . Environ Sci Technol , 40 : 243 – 250 .
  • Košutić , K , Furač , L , Sipos , L and Kunst , B . 2005 . Removal of arsenic and pesticides from drinking water by nanofiltration membranes . Sep Purif Technol , 42 : 137 – 144 .
  • Kunzru , S and Chaudhury , M . 2005 . Manganese amended activated alumina for adsorption/oxidation of arsenic . J Environ Eng , : 1350 – 1353 .
  • Leupin , O X and Hug , S J . 2005a . Oxidation and removal of arsenic (III) from aerated groundwater by filtration through sand and zero-valent iron . Water Res , 39 : 1729 – 1740 .
  • Leupin , O X , Hug , S J and Badruzzaman , A BM . 2005 . Oxidative arsenic removal with zero valent iron from tube well water in filter columns with iron filings and sand . Environ Sci Technol , 39 : 8032 – 8037 .
  • Lin , C , Wu , C and Lai , H . 2008 . Dissolved organic matter and arsenic removal with coupled chitosan/UF operation . Sep Purif Technol , 60 : 292 – 298 .
  • Lin , T F and Wu , J . 2001 . Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate within activated alumina grains: equilibrium and kinetics . Water Res , 35 ( 8 ) : 2049 – 2057 .
  • Li , K , Weng , Y , Hsieh , L , Lee , H and Huang , C P . 2005 . Removal of arsenic and humic substances (HSs) by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) . J Hazard Mater , B122 : 171 – 176 .
  • Mallick , P , Chakrabarti , M J , Guha , B and Khuda-Bukhsh , A R . 2003 . Ameliorating effect of micro doses of a potentized homeopathic drug, Arsenicum Album, on arsenic-induced toxicity in mice . BMC Complement Altern Med , 3 : 7 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-3-7
  • Mandal , B K , Chowdhury , T R , Samanta , G K , Basu , P P , Chowdhury , C R , Chanda , D , Lodh , N K , Karan , R K , Dhar , D K Tamili , D . 1996 . Arsenic in groundwater in seven districts of West Bengal, India – the biggest arsenic calamity in the world . Curr Sci , 70 : 976 – 986 .
  • Majumdar , D N . 2002 . Report on health effects of arsenic toxicity CGWB, WB, p. 81
  • Mascher , R , Lippmann , B and Bergmann , H . 2002 . Arsenic toxicity: effects on oxidative stress response molecules and enzymes in red clover plants . Plant Sci , 163 ( 5 ) : 961 – 969 .
  • McArthur , J M , Ravenscroft , P , Safiulla , S and Thirlwall , M F . 2001 . Arsenic in groundwater: testing pollution mechanisms for sedimentary aquifers in Bangladesh . Water Res Res , 37 : 109 – 117 .
  • Morgada , M E , Levy , E K , Salomone , V , Vanesa , F SS , Gerado , L and Litter , M I . 2009 . Arsenic (V) removal with nanoparticulate zerovalent iron: effect of UV light and humic acids . Catal Today , 143 ( 3–4 ) : 261 – 268 .
  • Murphy , R ND . 2006 . Homoeopathic medical repertory , 2nd ed , 55 New Delhi, , India : B. Jain Publishers .
  • Nguyen , V T , Vigneswaran , S , Ngo , H H , Shon , H K and Kandasamy , J . 2009 . Arsenic removal by a membrane hybrid filtration system . Desalination , 236 : 363 – 369 .
  • Nickson , R T , McArthur , J M , Shrestha , B , Kyaw-Myint , T O and Lowry , D . 2005 . Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan . Appl Geochem , 20 ( 1 ) : 55 – 68 .
  • Ning , R Y . 2002 . Arsenic removal by reverse osmosis . Desalination , 143 : 237 – 241 .
  • Niu , S , Cao , S and Shen , E . 1997 . “ The status of arsenic poisoning in China ” . In Arsenic: exposure and health effects , Edited by: Abernathy , C O , Caledron , R L and Chappel , W R . 76 – 83 . London : Chapman and Hill .
  • Nordstrom , D K . 2002 . Worldwide occurrence of arsenic in groundwater . Science , 296 : 2143 – 2145 .
  • Oh , J I , Yamamoto , K , Kitawaki , H , Nakao , S , Sugawara , T , Rahman , M M and Rahman , M H . 2000 . Desalination , 131 : 307 – 314 .
  • Oremland , R S , Newman , D , Kail , B and Stolz , J . 2002 . “ Bacterial respiration of arsenate and its significance in the environment ” . In Environmental chemistry of arsenic. Chapter 11 , Edited by: Frankenberger , W . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Oremland , R S and Stolz , J F . 2003 . The ecology of arsenic: . Science , 300 : 939 – 944 .
  • Pagana , A E , Sklari , S D , Kikkinides , E S and Zaspalis , V T . 2008 . Microporous ceramic membrane technology for the removal of arsenic and chromium ions from contaminated water . Microporous and Mesoporous Materials , 110 : 150 – 156 .
  • Pal , B N . . Granular ferric hydroxide for elimination of arsenic from drinking water . In proceedings of BUET-UNU international workshop on technologies for arsenic removal from drinking water . May 5–7 , Dhaka. pp. 59 – 68 . Bangladesh : Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and United Nations University .
  • Pal , P , Ahamad , Z and Bhattacharya , P . 2007a . ARSEPPA: a visual basic software tool for arsenic separation plant performance analysis . Chem Eng , 129 : 113 – 122 .
  • Pal , P , Ahammad , Z , Pattanayak , A and Bhattacharya , P . 2007b . Removal of arsenic from drinking water by chemical precipitation – a modelling and simulation study of the physical–chemical processes . Water Environ Res , 79 ( 4 ) : 357 – 366 .
  • Panthi , S R , Sharma , S and Mishra , A K . 2006 . Recent status of arsenic. Contamination in groundwater of the Terai region of Nepal, 2006, Kathmandu University . J Sci Eng Technol , 1 : 1 – 11 .
  • Patrick , L . 2003 . Toxic metals and antioxidants. II. The role of antioxidants in arsenic and cadmium toxicity . Altern Med Rev , 8 : 106 – 127 .
  • Pokhrel , D , Bhandari , B S and Viraraghavan , T . 2009 . Arsenic contamination of groundwater in the Terai region of Nepal: an overview of health concerns and treatment options . Environ Int , 35 ( 1 ) : 157 – 161 .
  • Qu , D , Wang , J , Hou , D , Luan , Z , Fan , B and Zhao , C . 2009 . Experimental study of arsenic removal by direct contact membrane distillation . J Hazard Mater , 163 ( 2–3 ) : 874 – 879 .
  • Rahman , M M , Mukherjee , D , Sengupta , M K , Chowdhury , U K , Lodh , D , Chanda , C R , Roy , S , Quamruzzaman , Q , Milton , A H , Shahidullah , S M , Rahman , T and Chakraboti , D . 2002 . Effectiveness and reliability of arsenic field testing kits: are the million dollar screening projects effective or not? . Environ Sci Technol , 36 ( 24 ) : 5385 – 5394 .
  • Roberts , L C , Hug , S J , Ruettimann , T , Billah , A , Khan , W and Rahman , M T . 2004 . Arsenic removal with iron (II) and iron (III) waters with high silicate and phosphate concentrations . Environ Sci Technol , 38 ( 1 ) : 307 – 315 .
  • Robertson , F N . 1989 . Arsenic in groundwater under oxidizing conditions, South-West United States . Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 11 : 171 – 185 .
  • Roy , M , Nilsson , L and Pal , P . 2008 . Development of groundwater resources in a region with high population density: a study of environmental sustainability . Environ Sci , 5 ( 4 ) : 251 – 267 .
  • Romero-Schmidt , H , Naranjo-Pulido , A , Méndez-Rodríguez , L , Acosta-Vargas , B and Ortega-Rubio , A . 2001 . Environmental health risks by arsenic consumption in water wells in the Cape region , Edited by: Brebbia , C A and Fajzieva , D . 131 – 138 . Mexico : WIT Press, Southhampton, UK .
  • Saitua , H , Campderros , M and Perez , P A . 2005 . Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane . Desalination , 172 : 173 – 180 .
  • Sato , Y , Kang , M , Kamei , T and Magara , Y . 2002 . Performance of nanofiltration for arsenic removal . Water Res , 36 : 3371 – 3377 .
  • Schnoor , J L . 1996 . Environmental modeling. Fate and transport of pollutants in water, air, and soil , New York : John Wiley .
  • Schreiber , M E , Simo , J A and Freiberg , P G . 2000 . Stratigraphic and geochemical controls on naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater, Eastern Wisconsin, USA . Hydrogeol J , 8 : 161 – 176 .
  • Seidel , J , Waypa , J and Elimech , M . 2001 . Role of charge (Donnan) exclusion in removal of arsenic from water by a negatively charged porous nanofiltration membrane . Environ Eng Sci , 18 : 105 – 113 .
  • Sengupta , S , McArthur , J M , Sarkar , A , Leng , M I , Ravenscroft , P , Howarth , R J and Banerjee , D M . 2008 . Do ponds cause arsenic-pollution of groundwater in Bengal Basin? An answer from West Bengal . Environ Sci Technol , 42 : 5156 – 5164 .
  • Shih , M-C . 2005 . An overview of arsenic removal by pressure-driven membrane processes . Desalination , 172 : 85 – 97 .
  • Shorney , H L , Vernon , W A , Clune , J and Bond , R G . . Performance of MF/UF membranes with in-line ferric-salt coagulation for the removal of arsenic from a southwest surface water . AWWA Membrane Technology Conference . San Antonio, CA, USA.
  • Sklari , S D , Pagana , A E , Kikkinides , E S and Zaspalis , V T . 2008 . Microporous ceramic membrane technology for the removal of arsenic and chromium ions from contaminated water . Microporous Mesoporous Mater , 110 : 150 – 156 .
  • Smedley , P L and Edmund , W M . 2002 . Redox patterns and trace element behaviour in the East Midlands Triassic Sandstone aquifer, UK . Groundwater , 40 : 44 – 58 .
  • Smedley , P L and Kinniburgh , D G . 2001 . A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters . Appl Geochem , 17 : 517 – 568 .
  • Smedley , P L , Nicolli , H B , Macdonald , D MJ , Barros , A J and Tullio , J O . 2002 . Hydro geochemistry of arsenic and other inorganic constituents in groundwater from La Pampa, Argentina . Appl Geochem , 17 : 259 – 284 .
  • Smedley , P L , Zhang , M-Y , Zhang , G-Y and Luo , Z-D . 2003 . Mobilization of arsenic and other trace elements in fluviolacustrine aquifers of the Huhhot Basin, Inner Mongolia . Appl Geochem , 18 : 1453 – 1477 .
  • Smith , A H , Lingas , E O and Raman , M . 2000 . Contamination of water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency . Bull WHO , 78 : 1093 – 2103 .
  • Stute , M , Zheng , Y , Schlosser , P , Horneman , A , Dhar , R K , Datta , S , Hoque , M A , Siddique , A A , Shamsuddaha , M Ahamed , K M . 2007 . Hydrological control of As concentrations in Bangladesh groundwater . Water Res Res , 43 : W09417
  • Tong , N T . 2002 . Arsenic pollution in groundwater in the Red River delta Geological Survey of Vietnam, Northern Hydrogeological-Engineering Geological Division
  • Tsai , S Y , Chou , H Y , Chem , C M and Chen , C J . 2003 . The effects of chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water on the neurobehavioral development in adolescence . Neurotoxicology , 24 ( 4–5 ) : 747 – 753 .
  • Tseng , C H . 2003 . Abnormal current perception thresholds measured by neurometer among residents in Blackfoot disease-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan . Toxicol Lett , 146 ( 1 ) : 27 – 36 .
  • Tseng , W P , Chu , H M , How , S W , Fong , J M , Lin , C S and Yeh , S . 1968 . Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan . J Nat Cancer Inst , 40 : 453 – 463 .
  • Urase , T , Oh , J and Yamamoto , K . 1998 . Effect of pH on rejection of different species of arsenic by nanofiltration . Desalination , 117 : 11 – 18 .
  • US-EPA, WHO reports [Internet] . 2001 . Various reports available from US-Environmental Protection Agency website: www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic.html and WHO Website: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water_quality/arsenic.htm. United States Environment Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ars/quickguide.pdf [cited]. Last accessed 15 November 2008
  • vanGeen , A , Rose , J , Thoral , S , Garnier , J M , Zheng , Y and Bottero , J Y . 2004 . Decoupling of As and Fe release to Bangladesh groundwater under reducing conditions. II. Evidence from sediment incubations . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 68 : 3475 – 3486 .
  • Verret , W J , Chen , Y , Parvez , F , Alauddin , M , Islam , T , Graziano , J H and Ashan , H A . 2005 . A double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on arsenic-induced skin lesions in Bangladesh . J Occup Environ Med , 47 ( 10 ) : 1026 – 1035 .
  • Vrijenhoek , E M and Waypa , J J . 2000 . Arsenic removal from drinking water by a loose nanofiltration membrane . Desalination , 130 : 265 – 277 .
  • Wasserman , G A , Xinhua , L , Parvez , F , Ashan , H , Factor-Litvak , P , vanGeen , A , Slavkovich , V , Lolacono , N J , Chen , Z Hussain , I . 2004 . Water arsenic exposure and children's intellectual function in Araihazar Bangladesh . Environ Health Perspect , 112 : 1329 – 1333 .
  • Welch , A H , Westjohn , D B , Helsel , D R and Wanty , R B . 2000 . Arsenic in groundwater of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry . Groundwater , 38 : 589 – 604 .
  • WHO . 1996 . WHO guidelines for drinking water quality , 2nd ed , Vol. 2 , 940 – 949 . Geneva : WHO .
  • Wickramasinghe , S R , Han , B , Zimbron , J , Shen , Z and Karim , M N . 2004 . Arsenic removal by coagulation and filtration: comparison of ground waters from the United States and Bangladesh . Desalination , 169 : 231 – 244 .
  • World Bank Technical Report . 2004 . Arsenic occurrence in groundwater in South and East Asia – scale, causes and mitigation Report No. 31303
  • Xia , S , Dong , B , Zhang , Q , Xu , B , Gao , N and Causseranda , C . 2007 . Study of arsenic removal by nanofiltration and its application in China . Desalination , 204 : 374 – 379 .
  • Xu , Y , Nakajima , T and Ohki , A . 2002 . Adsorption and removal of arsenic (V) from drinking Water by aluminium loaded Shirasu-zeolite . J Haz Mat , B92 : 275 – 287 .
  • Yan , X P , Kerrich , R and Hendry , M J . 2000 . Distribution of arsenic (III), arsenic (IV) and total inorganic arsenic in porewaters from a thick, clay-rich aquitard sequence, Saskatchewan, Canada . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 62 : 2637 – 2648 .
  • Yuan , T , Luo , Q-F , Hu , J-Y , Ong , S-L and Ng , W-J . 2003 . A study on arsenic removal from household drinking water . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering , 38 ( 9 ) : 1731 – 1744 .
  • Zhenga , Y , Stuteb , M , van Geen , B A , Gavrielib , I , Dhara , R , Simpson , H J , Schlosserb , P and Ahmed , K M . 2004 . Redox control of arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh groundwater . Appl Geochem , 19 : 201 – 214 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.