Trends and challenges in risk assessment of environmental contaminants

References

• Abdel-Rahman , M S and Kadry , A M . 1995 . Studies on the use of uncertainty factors in deriving RfDs . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 1 : 614 – 625 .
   Google Scholar
• [ACGIH] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . 1998 . 1998 Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for chemical substances and physical agents , Cincinnati (OH) : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• [ACGIH] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . 2011 . History [cited 2011 Jan 15] Available from: http://www.acgih.org/
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman , F and Heinzerling , L . 2002 . Pricing the priceless: cost-benefit analysis of environmental protection . Univ Penn Law Rev , 150 : 1553 – 1584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage , P and Doll , R . 1954 . The age distribution of cancer and a multistage theory of carcinogeneses . Br J Cancer , 8 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora , S and Gardner , F . 1994 . Gofman on the health effects of radiation: “There is no safe threshold” . Synapse , 38 ( 16 ) [cited 2011 Apr 1]. Available from: http://www.ratical.org/radiation/CNR/synapseP.html
   Google Scholar
• Assmuth , T and Hildén , M . 2008 . The significance of information frameworks in integrated risk assessment and management . Environ Sci Policy , 11 : 71 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assmuth , T and Jalonen , P . 2005 . Risks and management of dioxin-like compounds in Baltic Sea fish: an integrated assessment , Copenhagen, , Denmark : Nordic Council of Ministers .
   Google Scholar
• [ATSDR] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . 2007 . Toxicological profile for benzene , 438 Atlanta, GA USA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service .
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy , M S , Daston , G , Faustman , E M , Kimmel , C A , Kimmel , G L , Seed , J and Vu , V . 2001 . Harmonization of cancer and noncancer risk assessment: proceedings of a consensus-building workshop . Toxicol Sci , 61 : 18 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent , R L . 2004 . Environmental causes of human congenital malformations: the pediatrician's role in dealing with these complex clinical problems caused by a multiplicity of environmental and genetic factors . Pediatrics , 113 : 957 – 968 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breyer , S G . 1993 . Breaking the vicious circle: toward effective risk regulation , 127 Cambridge (MA) : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brimblecombe , P . 1987 . The big smoke: a history of air pollution in London since medieval times , 185 New York, NY : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , M J and Rhoads , G G . 2008 . Guest editorial: responding to blood lead levels < 10 micro g/dL . Environ Health Perspect , 116 : A60 – A61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burin , G J and Saunders , D R . 1999 . Addressing human variability in risk assessment – the robustness of the intraspecies uncertainty factor . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 30 : 209 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmaster , D E and Wilson , A M . 1996 . An introduction to second-order random variables in human health risk assessments . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 2 : 892 – 919 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns , Jr. J , Dickson , K L and Maki , A W . 1979 . Estimating the hazard of chemical substances to aquatic life . Hydrobiologia , 64 : 157 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E J . 1985 . Uncertainty factors and interindividual variation . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 5 : 190 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E J . 2005 . Paradigm lost, paradigm found: the re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose response model in the toxicological sciences . Environ Pollut , 138 : 378 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E J and Baldwin , L A . 2005 . Toxicology rethinks its central belief. Hormesis demands a reappraisal of the way risks are assessed . Nature , 421 : 691 – 692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan , M and Sexton , K . 2007 . If cumulative risk assessment is the answer, what is the question? . Environ Health Perspect , 115 : 799 – 806 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calow , P and Forbes , VE . 2003 . Does ecotoxicology inform ecological risk assessment? . Environ Sci Technol , 37 : 146A – 151A .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson , R . 1962 . Silent spring , 317 Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin Co .
   Google Scholar
• Chandra , A , Martinez , G M , Mosher , W D , Abma , J C and Jones , J . 2005 . Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth , National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 23:175 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , P M . 2002 . Ecological risk assessment (ERA) and hormesis . Sci Total Environ , 288 : 131 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , O and Hu , Z . 2008 . Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria . Environ Sci Technol , 42 : 4583 – 4588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin , V L . 2003 . The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials . Nat Biotechnol , 21 : 1166 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copius Peereboom , JW and Reijnders , L . 1986 . Hoe gevaarlijk zijn milieugevaarlijke stoffen? (in Dutch) , 245 Meppel, , The Netherlands : Boom .
   Google Scholar
• Crump , K S . 1984 . A new method for determining allowable daily intakes . Fund Appl Toxicol , 4 : 854 – 871 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorne , J LCM . 2010 . Metabolism, variability and risk assessment . Toxicology , 268 : 156 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourson , M L . 1994 . “ Methodology for establishing oral reference doses (RfDs) ” . In Risk assessment of essential elements , Edited by: Mertz , W , Abernathy , C O and Olin , S S . 51 – 61 . Washington, DC : ILSI press .
   Google Scholar
• Dourson , M L , Felter , S P and Robinson , D . 1996 . Evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in noncancer risk assessment . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 24 : 108 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourson , M L and Starra , J F . 1983 . Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 3 : 224 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• [EC] European Commission . 2003 . Technical guidance document on risk assessment , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• [ECHA] European Chemicals Agency . 2011 . List of registered phase-in substances [cited 2011 Jan 23] Accessed from http://echa.europa.eu/
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , I , Nentwich , M , Fiedeler , U , Gazsó , A and Simkó , M . 2010 . Nano regulation in the European Union. NanoTrust-Dossier No. 017 , Vienna : Austrian Academy of Sciences . [cited 2011 Apr 1] Available from: http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/ita/nanotrust-dossiers/dossier017en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Forbes , V E and Calow , P . 2002a . Extrapolation in ecological risk assessment: balancing pragmatism and precaution in chemical controls legislation . BioScience , 52 : 249 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , V E and Calow , P . 2002b . Applying weight-of-evidence in retrospective ecological risk assessment when quantitative data are limited . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 8 : 1625 – 1639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , T L and Forbes , V E . 1993 . A critique of the use of distribution-based extrapolation models in ecotoxicology . Funct Ecol , 7 : 249 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , H C . 1992 . Quantitative analysis of uncertainty and variability in environmental policy making , Pittsburgh, PA : Research Associate Center for Energy and Environmental Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S O and Ravetz , J R . 1990 . Uncertainty and quality in science for policy , Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S O and Ravetz , J R . 1994 . The worth of a songbird: ecological economics as a post-normal science . Ecol Econ , 10 : 197 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geelen , L MJ , Huijbregts , M AJ , Den Hollander , H , Ragas , A MJ , Van Jaarsveld , H A and De Zwart , D . 2009 . Confronting environmental pressure, environmental quality and human health impact indicators of priority air emissions . Atmos Environ , 43 : 1613 – 1621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesy , Jr. J P and Graney , R L . 1989 . Recent developments in and intercomparisons of acute and chronic bioassays and bioindicators . Hydrobiologia , 188/189 : 21 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , A . 1943 . Exploring the dangerous trades , 433 Boston, MA : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Hammersley , J S and Handscomb , D C . 1964 . Monte Carlo methods , New York, NY : John Wiley and Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , W B , Doudoroff , P and Greenbank , J . 1945 . The evaluation of the toxicity of industrial wastes, chemicals and other substances to freshwater fishes. Final Report , Philadelphia, PA : Waste Control Laboratory, Atlantic Refining .
   Google Scholar
• Hattis , D , Erdreich , L S and Ballew , M . 1987 . Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals – a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal individuals . Risk Anal , 7 : 415 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines , R N , Sargent , D , Autrup , H , Birnbaum , L S , Brent , R L , Doerrer , N G , Cohen Hubal , E A , Juberg , D R , Laurent , C , Luebke , R Olejniczak , K . 2010 . Approaches for assessing risks to sensitive populations: lessons learned from evaluating risks in the pediatric population . Toxicol Sci , 113 : 4 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts , M AJ , Struijs , J , Goedkoop , M , Heijungs , R , Hendriks , A J and Van de Meent , D . 2005 . Human population intake fractions and environmental fate factors of toxic pollutants in life cycle impact assessment . Chemosphere , 6 : 1495 – 1504 .
   Google Scholar
• [ILSI] International Life Sciences Institute . 2008 . Cumulative and aggregate risk evaluation system (CARES) V3.0 , Washington (DC) : ILSI .
   Google Scholar
• [IRLG] Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group . 1979 . Scientific bases for identification of potential carcinogens and estimation of risks . J Natl Cancer Inst , 63 : 241 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Jahnke , G D , Iannucci , A R , Scialli , A R and Shelby , M D . 2005 . Center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction – the first five years . Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol , 74 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarabek , A M . 1994 . Inhalation RfC methodology: Dosimetric adjustments and dose–response estimation of noncancer toxicity in the upper respiratory tract . Inhal Toxicol , 6 : 301 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives . 1986 . Evaluation of certain food additives and the contaminants mercury, lead and cadmium , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization . Report No.: 18
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , H J , Hutchison , G R , Christensen , F M , Peters , S , Hankin , S , Aschberger , K and Stone , V . 2010 . A critical review of the biological mechanisms underlying the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: the contribution of physico-chemical characteristics . Nanotoxicology , 4 : 207 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahl , T , Schröder , K-W , Lawrence , F R , Marshall , W J , Höke , H and Jckh , R . 2000 . “ Aniline ” . In Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Vol. 3 , New York, NY : Wiley. p. 161–176 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenaga , E E . 1982 . Predictability of chronic toxicity from acute toxicity of chemicals in fish and aquatic invertebrates . Environ Toxicol Chem , 1 : 347 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitchin , K T and Drane , J W . 2005 . A critique of the use of hormesis in risk assessment . Human Exp Toxicol , 24 : 249 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaine , S J , Alvarez , P J , Batley , G E , Fernandes , T F , Handy , R D , Lyon , D Y , Mahendra , S , McLaughlin , M J and Lead , J R . 2008 . Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects . Environ Toxicol Chem , 27 : 1825 – 1851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooijman , S ALM . 1987 . A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species . Water Res , 21 : 269 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , H K , Kendall , M , Ferrier , H , Lindup , I , Alm , S , Hanninen , O , Jantunen , M , Mathys , P , Colvile , R Ashmore , M R . 2004 . Personal exposures and microenvironment concentrations of PM2.5, VOC, NO2 and CO in Oxford, UK . Atmos Environ , 38 : 6399 – 6410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman , A J and Fitzhugh , O G . 1954 . 100-Fold margin of safety . Assoc Food Drug Officials US Q Bull , 18 : 33 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Leisenring , W and Ryan , L . 1992 . Statistical properties of the NOAEL . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 15 : 161 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , J . 1985 . Lead poisoning: a historical perspective , EPA J, , USA : Environmental Protection Agency . [cited 2011 Jul 1] Available from: http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history/topics/perspect/lead.html
   Google Scholar
• LifeLine Group Inc . 2007 . User’s manual. LifeLine™ Version 4.4 , Annandale, VA : The LifeLine Group .
   Google Scholar
• Loos , M , Ragas , A MJ , Plasmeijer , R , Schipper , A M and Hendriks , A J . 2010b . Eco-SpaCE: an object-oriented, spatially explicit model to assess the risk of multiple environmental stressors on terrestrial vertebrate populations . Sci Total Environ , 408 : 3908 – 3917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loos , M , Schipper , A M , Schlink , U , Strebel , K and Ragas , A MJ . 2010a . Receptor-oriented approaches in wildlife and human exposure modelling: a comparative study . Environ Model Software , 25 : 369 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , F C and Kacew , S . 2002 . Lu’s basic toxicology: fundamentals, target organs and risk assessment , 392 London, UK : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Mantel , N and Bryan , W . 1961 . “Safety” testing of carcinogenic agents . J Nat Cancer Inst , 27 : 455 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham , A . 1994 . A brief history of pollution , 162 New York, NY : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mazurek , JV . 1996 . The role of health risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis in environmental decision making in selected countries: an initial survey , Washington, DC : Resources for the Future, Discussion Paper 96–36 .
   Google Scholar
• McClellan , O . 1999 . Human health risk assessment: a historical overview and alternative paths forward . Inhal Toxicol , 11 : 477 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKone , T E and Ryan , P B . 1989 . Human exposures to chemicals through food chains: an uncertainty analysis . Environ Sci Technol , 23 : 1154 – 1163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek , M E , Newhook , R , Liteplo , R G and Armstrong , V C . 1994 . Approach to assessment of risk to human health for priority substances under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act . Environ Carcin Ecotoxicol Rev , C12 : 105 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mileson B Faustman E Olin S Ryan P B Ferenc S Burke T A framework for cumulative risk assessment International Life Sciences Institute, ILSI Press Washington, DC 1999
   Google Scholar
• Modica , S and Rustichini , A . 1994 . Awareness and partitional information structures . Theory Decis , 37 : 107 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , M G and Henrion , M . 1990 . Uncertainty: a guide to dealing with uncertainty in quantitative risk and policy analysis , 332 Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Munns , Jr, W R , Suter , II, G W , Damstra , T , Kroes , R , Reiter , L W and Marafante , E . 2003 . Integrated risk assessment – results from an international workshop . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 9 : 379 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabholz , J V , Zeeman , M and Rodier , D . 1989 . “ Case study 1: assessing the ecological risks of a new chemical ” . In Uncertainty analysis in ecological risk assessment , Edited by: Warren-Hicks , W J and Moore , D RJ . 207 – 225 . Pensacola, FL : Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Naumann , B D and Weideman , P A . 1995 . Scientific basis for uncertainty factors used to establish occupational exposure limits for pharmaceutical active ingredients . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 1 : 590 – 613 .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 1975 . Reactor safety: an assessment of accident risks in the U.S. commercial nuclear power plants. NUREG-75–014 (WASH-1400) , Washington, DC : Nuclear Regulatory Commission .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 1983 . Risk assessment in the federal government: managing the process , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 1994 . Science and judgment in risk assessment , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 1996 . Understanding risk: informing decisions in a democratic society , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 2007 . Toxicity testing in the 21st century. A vision and a strategy , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 2008 . Phthalates and cumulative risk assessment: the task ahead , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• [NRC] National Research Council . 2009 . Science and decisions: advancing risk assessment , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• [NTAC] National Technical Advisory Committee . 1968 . Water quality criteria , Washington, DC : U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration .
   Google Scholar
• [OECD] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . 1989 . Report of the OECD workshop on ecological effects assessment. Environmental Monograph 26 Geneva, , Switzerland: OECD
   Google Scholar
• Paquin , P R , Gorsuch , J W , Apte , S , Batley , G E , Bowles , K C , Campbell , P G , Delos , C G , Di Toro , D M , Dwyer , R L Galvez , F . 2002 . The biotic ligand model: a historical overview . Comp Biochem Physiol C , 133 : 3 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [PCCRARM] Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management . 1997 . Framework for environmental health risk management , Washington, DC : PCCRARM .
   Google Scholar
• Pohl , H R and Abadin , H G . 1995 . Utilizing uncertainty factors in minimal risk levels derivation . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 22 : 180 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posthuma , L , Suter II , G W and Traas , T P , eds. 2002 . Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology , 587 Boca Raton, FL : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Rademaker , B C and Linders , J BHJ . 1994 . Progress report 3: estimated-concentration-of-non-concern of polluting agents in drinking water and air for humans , Bilthoven, , (The Netherlands) : National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) .
   Google Scholar
• Ragas , A MJ , Brouwer , F PE , Büchner , F L , Hendriks , H WM and Huijbregts , M AJ . 2009b . Separation of uncertainty and interindividual variability in human exposure modeling . J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol , 19 : 201 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Ragas , A MJ , Huijbregts , M AJ , Henning-de Jong , I and Leuven , R SEW . 2009a . Uncertainty in environmental risk assessment: implications for risk-based management of river basins . Integr Environ Assess Manag , 5 : 27 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ragas , A MJ , Oldenkamp , R , Preeker , N L , Wernicke , J and Schlink , U . 2011b . Cumulative risk assessment of chemical exposures in urban environments . Enviro Int , 37 : 872 – 881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragas , A MJ , Teuschler , L K , Posthuma , L and Cowan , C . 2011a . “ Human and ecological risk assessment of chemical mixtures ” . In Mixture toxicity – linking approaches from ecological and human toxicology , Edited by: Van Gestel . 157 – 215 . New York, NY : SETAC, CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reijnders , L . 2002 . Scientific foundations of hormesis (Book review) . J Clean Prod , 10 : 609 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Reijnders , L . 2006 . Cleaner nanotechnology and hazard reduction of manufactured nanoparticles . J Clean Prod , 14 : 124 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn , O . 1998 . The role of risk perception for risk management . Reliab Eng Syst Safe , 59 : 49 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick , A G . 1991 . Safety factors and establishment of acceptable daily intakes . Food Addit Contam , 8 : 135 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick , A G . 1993 . Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants . Food Addit Contam , 10 : 275 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick , A G and Lazarus , N R . 1998 . Human variability and noncancer risk assessment – an analysis of the default uncertainty factor . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 27 : 3 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodricks , J V . 2007 . 2006 American College of toxicology distinguished service award lecture: Has quantitative risk assessment been of benefit to the science of toxicology? . Int J Toxicol , 26 : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , J , Ballester , F , Saez Pérez-Hoyos , M S , Bellido , J , Cambra , K , Arribas , F , Cañada , A , Pérez-Boillos , M J and Sunyer , J . 2001 . The concentration–response relation between air pollution and daily deaths . Environ Health Perspect , 109 : 1001 – 1006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scown , T M , Van Aerle , R and Tyler , C R . 2010 . Review: do engineered nanoparticles pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment? . Crit Rev Toxicol , 40 : 653 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slob , W . 1999 . Thresholds in toxicology and risk assessment . Int J Toxicol , 18 : 259 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic , P . 2003 . Going beyond the Red Book: the sociopolitics of risk . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 9 : 1181 – 1190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen , P B , Thomsen , M , Assmuth , T , Grieger , K D and Baun , A . 2010 . Conscious worst case definition for risk assessment, part I: a knowledge mapping approach for defining most critical risk factors in integrative risk management of chemicals and nanomaterials . Sci Total Environ , 408 : 3852 – 3859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , C E , Mount , D I , Hansen , D J , Gentile , J H , Chapman , G A and Brungs , W A . 1985 . Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses , Washington, DC : US-Environmental Protection Agency . Report No.: PB85-227049
   Google Scholar
• Suter , II G W . 2004 . Bottom-up and top-down integration of human and ecological risk assessment . J Toxicol Environ Health A , 67 : 779 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter , II G W , Vermeire , T , Munns , Jr., W R and Sekizawa , J . 2003 . Framework for the integration of health and ecological risk assessment . Human Ecol Risk Assess , 9 : 281 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teuschler , L K , Rice , G E , Wilkes , C R , Lipscomb , J C and Power , F W . 2004 . A feasibility study of cumulative risk assessment methods for drinking water disinfection by-product mixtures . J Toxicol Environ Health A , 67 : 755 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traas , T P . 2001 . Guidance document on deriving environmental risk limits , 117 Bilthoven, , (The Netherlands) : National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Report No.: 601501012 .
   Google Scholar
• Traas , T P , Luttik , R and Jongbloed , R H . 1996 . A probabilistic model for deriving soil quality criteria based on secondary poisoning of top predators. 1. Model description and uncertainty analysis . Ecotoxicol Environ Safe , 34 : 264 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trasande , L and Landrigan , P J . 2004 . The National Children's Study: a critical national investment . Environ Health Perspect , 112 : A789 – A790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truhaut , R . 1991 . The concept of the acceptable daily intake: an historical review . Food Addit Contam , 8 : 151 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency . 2000 . Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures , Cincinnati, OH : ORD/NCEA . Report No.: EPA/630/R–00/002
   Google Scholar
• [US EPA] US Environmental Protection Agency . 2001 . Preliminary cumulative risk assessment of the organophosphorus pesticides , Washington, DC : United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs .
   Google Scholar
• [US EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2002 . Organophosphate pesticides: revised cumulative risk assessment , Washington, DC : United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs .
   Google Scholar
• [US EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2003 . Framework for cumulative risk assessment , Washington (DC) : United States Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum .
   Google Scholar
• [US EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2006 . Organophosphorus cumulative risk assessment 2006 update , Washington, DC : United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs .
   Google Scholar
• [US EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2007 . Concepts, methods and data sources for cumulative health risk assessment of multiple chemicals, exposures and effects: a resource document , Cincinnati, OH : United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment . Report No.: EPA/600/R–06/013F
   Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden , C A . 2006 . “ Carcinogen risk assessment: other approaches ” . In Safework bookshelf 2006 Edited by: International Labour Office . Geneva, , Switzerland [cited 2011 Apr 1 ]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/
   Google Scholar
• Van der Sluijs , J P , Craye , M , Funtowicz , S , Kloprogge , P , Ravetz , J and Risbey , J . 2005 . Combining quantitative and qualitative measures of uncertainty in model-based environmental assessment: the NUSAP system . Risk Anal , 25 : 481 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wezel , A P , Franken , R OG , Drissen , E , Versluijs , K CW and Van den Berg , R . 2008 . Societal cost-benefit analysis for soil remediation in the Netherlands . Integr Environ Assess Manag , 4 : 61 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vermeire , T , Stevenson , H , Pieters , M N , Rennen , M , Slob , W and Hakkert , B C . 1999 . Assessment factors for human health risk assessment: a discussion paper . Crit Rev Toxicol , 29 : 439 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , R E . 1976 . Bioassays for microchemical environmental contaminants: with special reference to water supplies , Stockholm (Sweden) : World Health Organization, Bulletin 36 .
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization . 1987 . Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food. International programme on chemical safety, environmental health criteria 70 , 174 Geneva, , (Switzerland) : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization . 1994 . Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. International programme on chemical safety, environmental health criteria 170 , 73 Geneva, , (Switzerland) : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization . 2001 . Integrated risk assessment. Report prepared for the WHO/UNEP/ILO international programme on chemical safety. International programme on chemical safety , Geneva, , (Switzerland) : World Health Organization. WHO/IPCS/IRA/01/12 .
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization . 2009 . Assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: report of a WHO/IPCS international workshop. International programme on chemical safety (IPCS), inter-organization programme for the sound management of chemicals (IOMC) , Geneva, , (Switzerland) : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Xia , T , Li , N and Nel , A E . 2009 . Potential health impact of nanoparticles . Ann Rev Pubic Health , 30 : 137 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeman , M G . 1995 . “ Ecotoxicity testing and estimation methods developed under section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) ” . In Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology , 2nd ed , Edited by: Rand , G M . 703 – 715 . Washington, DC : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Zeeman , M G and Gilford , J . 1993 . “ Ecological hazard evaluation and risk assessment under EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): an introduction ” . In Environmental toxicology and risk assessment , Edited by: Landis , W G , Hughes , J S and Lewis , M A . 7 – 21 . ASTM STP 1179. Philadelphia, PA : American Society for Testing and Materials .
   Google Scholar