The power of technology: a qualitative analysis of how South Asian youth use technology to maintain cross-gender relationships

References

• Abu-Laban , S. M. 1974 . Arab-Canadian family life . Arab studies quarterly , 1 : 135 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Akpinar , A. 2003 . The honour/shame complex revisited: violence against women in the migration context . Women's studies international forum , 26 ( 5 ) : 425 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Amant , K. 2002 . When cultures and computers collide . Journal of business and technical communication , 16 ( 2 ) : 196 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. and McKenna , K. 2004 . The internet and social life . Annual review of psychology , 55 ( 1 ) : 573 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Baym , N. K. 2002 . “ Interpersonal life online ” . In The hand book of new media: social shaping and consequences of ICTs , Edited by: Lievrouw , L. and Livingstone , S. 62 – 76 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Blais , J. J. , Craig , W. M. , Pepler , D. and Connolly , J. 2008 . Adolescents online: the importance of internet activity choices to salient relationships . Journal of youth and adolescence , 37 ( 5 ) : 522 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• Boneva , B. and Kraut , R. 2002 . “ Email, gender and personal relationships ” . In The internet in everyday life: the information age , Edited by: Wellman , B. and Haythornthwaite , C. 372 – 403 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Dainton , M. and Aylor , B. 2002 . Patterns of communication channel use in the maintenance of long-distance relationships . Communication research reports , 19 ( 2 ) : 118 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Das Gupta , M. 1997 . ‘What is Indian about you?’: a gendered transnational approach to ethnicity . Gender and society , 11 ( 5 ) : 572 – 596 .
   Google Scholar
• Dion , K. K. and Dion , K. L. 2004 . Gender, immigrant generation, and ethnocultural identity . Sex roles , 50 ( 5 ) : 347 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Dodd , P. C. 1973 . Family honor and the forces of change in Arab society . International journal of middle east studies , 4 ( 1 ) : 40 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Eastin , M. S. and LaRose , R. 2000 . Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide . Journal of computer-mediated communication , 6 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• Flanagin , A. J. 2010 . IM online: instant messaging use among college students . Communication research reports , 22 ( 3 ) : 175 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , R. 1984 . “ South Asian women in Canada: adaptation ” . In South Asians in the Canadian mosaic , Edited by: Kanungo , R. 145 – 155 . Montreal : Kala Bharati .
   Google Scholar
• Haddad , Y. Y. , Smith , J. I. and Moore , K. M. 2006 . Muslim women in America the challenge of Islamic identity today , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Handa , A. 2003 . Of silk saris and mini-skirts: South-Asian girls walk the tight-rope of culture , Toronto : Women's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hanna , B. E. and Nooy , J. 2004 . Negotiating cross-cultural difference in electronic discussion . Multilingua: journal of cross-cultural and interlanguage communication , 23 ( 3 ) : 257 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Hickey , M. G. 2004 . Identity negotiation in narratives of Muslim women immigrants in the United States: ‘so things are different…doesn't mean they're wrong’ . Asian women , 19 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, D.L. and Novak, T.P., 1998. Bridging the digital divide: the impact of race on computer access and internet use [online]. Available from: http://elab.vanderbilt.edu [Accessed 24 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , M. 2007 . Exploring gender, feminism and technology from a communication perspective: an introduction and commentary . Women's studies in communication , 30 ( 2 ) : 149 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. J. , Haigh , M. M. , Becker , J. A.H. , Craig , E. A. and Wigley , S. 2008 . College students’ use of relational management strategies in email in long-distance and geographically close relationships . Journal of computer-mediated communication , 13 ( 2 ) : 381 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallivayalil , D. 2004 . Gender and cultural socialization in Indian immigrant families in the United States . Feminism psychological , 4 ( 4 ) : 535 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , E. , Blumler , J. G. and Gurevitch , M. 1974 . “ Utilization of mass communication by the individual ” . In The uses of mass communications: current perspectives on gratifications research , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 19 – 32 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kindred , J. and Roper , S. L. 2004 . Making connections via instant messenger (IM): student use of IM to maintain personal relationships . Qualitative research reports in communication , 5 : 48 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Ledbetter , A. M. 2008 . Chronemic cues and sex differences in relational e-mail: perceiving immediacy and supportive message quality . Social science computer review , 26 ( 4 ) : 466 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., and Zickuhr, K., 2010. Social media & mobile internet use among teens and young adults [online]. Pew internet & American life project. Available from: http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1484/social-media-mobile-internet-use-teens-millennials-fewer-blog [Accessed 2 May 2010].
   Google Scholar
• Leung , L. 2001 . College student motives for chatting on ICQ . New media society , 3 ( 4 ) : 483 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Long, S.M., 2010. Exploring web 2.0: the impact of digital communications technologies on youth relationships and sociability. Thesis (BA). Occidental College.
   Google Scholar
• McGoldrick , M. , Giordano , J. and Garcia-Preto , N. 2005 . Ethnicity & family therapy , New York : Guildford .
   Google Scholar
• McKenna , K. Y.A. and Bargh , J. A. 1999 . Causes and consequences of social interaction on the internet: a conceptual framework . Media psychology , 1 ( 3 ) : 249 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Merkle , E. R. and Richardson , R. A. 2000 . Digital dating and virtual relating: conceptualizing computer mediated romantic relationships . Family relations , 49 ( 2 ) : 187 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Morahan-Martin, J. and Schumacher, P., 1999. Comparison of computer and internet competency, experience, and skills by gender. Proceeding of the annual meeting of the society for computers in psychology. Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M. and Ogan , C. 1996 . The internet as mass medium . Journal of communication , 46 ( 1 ) : 39 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Nachbaur, A., 2003. College students and instant messaging: an analysis of chatting, flirting, & using away messages [online]. The mercury project for instant messaging studies. Available from: http://www.stanford.edu/class/pwr3–25/group2/pdfs/IM_Flirting.pdf [Accessed 28 February 2010].
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo , J. C. 1984 . “ South Asian women in Canada: self-perceptions, socialization, achievement aspirations ” . In South Asians in the Canadian mosaic , Edited by: Kanungo , R. 123 – 142 . Montreal : Kala Bharati .
   Google Scholar
• Nardi, B., Whittaker, S., and Bradner, E., 2000. Interaction and outeraction: instant messaging in action. Proceedings of the CSCW 2000 conference on computer-supported cooperative work. New York: ACM Press, 79–88.
   Google Scholar
• Newhagen , J. E. and Rafaeli , S. 1996 . Why communication researchers should study the internet: a dialogue . Journal of communication , 46 ( 1 ) : 4 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Odell , P. M. , Korgen , K. O. , Schumacher , P. and Delucchi , M. 2000 . Internet use among female and male college students . Cyber psychology & behavior , 3 ( 5 ) : 855 – 862 .
   Google Scholar
• Pauley , P. M. and Emmers-Sommer , T. M. 2007 . The impact of internet technologies on primary and secondary romantic relationship development . Communication studies , 58 ( 4 ) : 411 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Punyanunt-Carter , N. M. and Hemby , C. O. 2006 . College students’ gender differences regarding e-mail . College student journal , 40 ( 3 ) : 651 – 653 .
   Google Scholar
• Rabby , M. K. and Walther , J. B. 2003 . “ Computer-mediated communication effects on relationship formation and maintenance ” . In Maintaining relationships through communication , Edited by: Canary , D. J. and Dainton , M. 141 – 162 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez , A. and Broneck , K. 2009 . ‘IM me’: instant messaging as relational maintenance and everyday communication . Journal of social and personal relationships , 26 ( 2–3 ) : 291 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez , A. Jr. and Zhang , S. 2007 . When online meets offline: the effect of modality switching on relational communication . Communication monographs , 74 ( 3 ) : 287 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Rheingold , H. 1993 . The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. 2002 . “ The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects ” . In Media effects: advances in theory and research , 2 , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 525 – 548 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher , P. and Morahan-Martin , J. 2001 . Gender, internet and computer attitudes and experiences . Computers in human behavior , 17 ( 1 ) : 95 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Shapurian , R. and Hojat , M. 1985 . Sexual and premarital attitudes of Iranian college students . Psychological reports , 57 ( 1 ) : 67 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Sidelinger , R. J. , Ayash , G. and Tibbles , D. 2008 . Couples go online: relational maintenance behaviors and relational characteristics use in dating relationships . Human communication , 11 ( 3 ) : 341 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada, 2001. Ethnocultural portrait of Canada, 2001 Census Data [online]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=95F0363X&chropg=1&lang=eng [Accessed 28 September 2005].
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada, 2010. Study: projections of the diversity of the Canadian population. The daily [online]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100309/dq100309a-eng.htm [Access 13 December 2010].
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey , S. 1991 . Intimacy expressions in three cultures: France, Japan, and the United States . International journal of intercultural communication , 15 ( 1 ) : 29 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Turkle , S. 1995 . Life on the screen: identity in the age of the internet , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Utz, S., 2000. Social information processing in MUDs: the development of friendships in virtual worlds. Journal of online behavior, 1 (1) [online]. Available from: http://www.behavior.net/job/v1n1/utz.html [Accessed 23 February 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Wakil , P. , Siddique , C. M. and Wakil , F. A. 1981 . Between two cultures: a study in socialization of children of immigrants . Journal of marriage and the family , 43 ( 4 ) : 931 – 940 .
   Google Scholar
• Walther , J. B. 1992 . Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: a relational perspective . Communication research , 19 ( 1 ) : 52 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolak , J. and Mitchell , K. 2002 . Close online relationships in a national sample of adolescents . Adolescence , 37 ( 147 ) : 441 – 455 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , K. 2002 . Motives for communication within on-line support groups and antecedents for interpersonal use . Communication research reports , 19 ( 1 ) : 89 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Ye, J., 2006. Maintaining online friendship: cross-cultural analyses of links among relational maintenance strategies, relational factor, and channel-related factors. Thesis (PhD). Georgia State University.
   Google Scholar
• Yum, Y.-O. and Hara, K., 2005. Computer-mediated relationship development: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 11 (1), article 7 [online]. Available from: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue1/yum.html [Accessed 2 April 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi , A. and Shuraydi , M. 2002 . Perceptions of arranged marriages by young Pakistani Muslim women living in a western society . Journal of comparative family studies , 33 ( 4 ) : 495 – 514 .
   Google Scholar
• Zakin, R.H., 1996. Hobbes’ Internet timeline [online]. Available from: http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/timeline [Accessed 15 January 2010].
   Google Scholar