Effects of the Frontiers Prevention Project in Ecuador on sexual behaviours and sexually transmitted infections amongst men who have sex with men and female sex workers: challenges on evaluating complex interventions

References

• Ai , C. and Norton , E. C. 2003 . Interaction Term in Logit and Probit Models . Economic Letters , 80 : 123 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , J. L. 2000 . Evaluating the Impact of Development Projects on Poverty: A Handbook for Practitioners , Washington , DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Baral , S. , Sifakis , F. , Cleghorn , F. and Beyrer , C. 2007 . Elevated Risk for HIV Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 2000–2006: A Systematic Review . PLoS medicine , 4 ( 12 ) : e339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastos , F. I. , Caceres , C. , Galvao , J. , Veras , M. A. and Castilho , E. A. 2008 . AIDS in Latin America: Assessing the Current Status of the Epidemic and the Ongoing Response . International Journal of Epidemiology , 37 ( 4 ) : 729 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista , C. T. , Mosquera , C. , Serra , M. , Gianella , A. , Avila , M. M. , Laguna-Torres , V. , Carr , J. K. , Montano , S. M. and Sanchez , J. L. 2008 . Immigration Status and HIV-Risk Related Behaviors Among Female Sex Workers in South America . AIDS Behavior , 12 ( 2 ) : 195 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista , C. T. , Sanchez , J. L. , Montano , S. M. , Laguna-Torres , A. , Suarez , L. , Sanchez , J. Campos , P. 2006 . Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for HIV-1 Infection Among Female Commercial Sex Workers in South America . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 82 ( 4 ) : 311 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand , J. T. , Magnani , R. J. and Rutenberg , N. 1996 . Evaluación de Programas de Planificación Familiar. Con Adaptaciones Para Salud Reproductiva , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina .
   Google Scholar
• Caceres , C. F. 2002 . HIV Among Gay and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Hidden Epidemic?” . AIDS , 16 ( 3 ) : S23 – S33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres , C. F. 2004 . [Interventions for HIV/STD Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Review of the Regional Experience] . Cadernos De Saude Publica , 20 ( 6 ) : 1468 – 1485 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cáceres , C. , Pecheny , M. and Terto , V. 2002 . AIDS and Male-to-Male Sex in Latin America: Vulnerabilities, Strengths and Proposed Measures. Perspectives and Reflections from the Point of View of Public Health, Social Sciences and Activism , Geneva : UPCH/UNAIDS .
   Google Scholar
• Calleja , J. M. , Walker , N. , Cuchi , P. , Lazzari , S. , Ghys , P. D. and Zacarias , F. 2002 . Status of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Methods to Monitor It in the Latin America and Caribbean Region . AIDS , 16 ( 3 ) : S3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , K. H. , Gibson , D. R. , Han , L. and Guo , Y. 2004 . High Levels of Unprotected Sex with Men and Women Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Potential Bridge of HIV Transmission in Beijing, China . AIDS Education and Prevention , 16 ( 1 ) : 19 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates , T. J. , Richter , L. and Caceres , C. 2008 . Behavioural Strategies to Reduce HIV Transmission: How To Make Them Work Better . Lancet , 372 ( 9639 ) : 669 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duflo , E. and Kremer , M. 2005 . “ Use of Randomization in the Evaluation of Development Effectiveness ” . In Evaluating Development Effectiveness. World Bank Series on Evaluation and Development. Vol. 7 , Edited by: Keith , G. , Feinstein , O. N. and Ingram , G. K. Piscataway , NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Geibel , S. , Tun , W. , Tapsoba , P. and Kellerman , S. 2010 . HIV Vulnerability of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Developing Countries: Horizons Studies, 2001–2008 . Public Health Reports , 125 ( 2 ) : 316 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghys , P. D. , Jenkins , C. and Pisani , E. 2001 . HIV Surveillance Among Female Sex Workers . AIDS , 15 ( 3 ) : S33 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassly , N. C. , Garnett , G. P. , Schwartlander , B. , Gregson , S. and Anderson , R. M. 2001 . The Effectiveness of HIV Prevention and the Epidemiological Context . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 79 ( 12 ) : 1121 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez , J. P. , McPherson , S. , Fakoya , A. , Matheou , A. and Bertozzi , S. M. 2010 . Community-Based Prevention Leads to an Increase in Condom Use and a Reduction in Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) and Female Sex Workers (FSW): The Frontiers Prevention Project (FPP) Evaluation Results . BMC Public Health , 10 : 497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez , J. P. , Molina-Yepez , D. , Morrison , K. , Samuels , F. and Bertozzi , S. M. 2006a . Correlates of Condom USE in a Sample of MSM in Ecuador . BMC Public Health , 6 : 152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez , J. P. , Molina-Yepez , D. , Samuels , F. and Bertozzi , S. M. 2006b . Inconsistent Condom Use Among Sexual Workers in Ecuador: Results from a Behavior Survey . Salud Publica de Mexico , 48 ( 2 ) : 104 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , R. , Kapiga , S. , Padian , N. , McCormack , S. and Wasserheit , J. 2010 . HIV Prevention Research: Taking Stock and the Way Forward . AIDS , 24 ( 4 ) : S81 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herbst , J. H. , Sherba , R. T. , Crepaz , N. , Deluca , J. B. , Zohrabyan , L. , Stall , R. D. and Lyles , C. M. 2005 . A Meta-Analytic Review of HIV Behavioral Interventions for Reducing Sexual Risk Behavior Of Men Who Have Sex with Men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 39 ( 2 ) : 228 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hierholzer , J. , Montano , S. , Hoelscher , M. , Negrete , M. , Hierholzer , M. , Avila , M. M. Carrillo , M. G. 2002 . Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina . AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses , 18 ( 18 ) : 1339 – 1350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , C. B. , Thirumurthy , H. , Padian , N. S. and Goosby , E. P. 2010 . AIDS Funds: Prevention . Science , 330 ( 6001 ) : 176 – 177 . author reply 177–178
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huedo-Medina , T. B. , Boynton , M. H. , Warren , M. R. , Lacroix , J. M. , Carey , M. P. and Johnson , B. T. 2010 . Efficacy of HIV Prevention Interventions in Latin American and Caribbean Nations, 1995–2008: A Meta-Analysis . AIDS Behavior , 14 ( 6 ) : 1237 – 1251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International HIV/AIDS Alliance . 2003 . Frontiers Prevention Project: Participatory Site Assessments in Cambodia, Ecuador and Andhra Pradesh State in India , Brighton : International HIV/AIDS Alliance .
   Google Scholar
• International HIV/AIDS Alliance . 2010 . “ Alliance Country Studies: A Global Summary of Achievements, Progress and Challenges Under Impact 2010 ” . In Brighton: International HIV/AIDS Alliance
   Google Scholar
• Izazola-Licea , J. A. , Montoya , O. , Mayorga , R. and Diaz , A. 2004 . “ Lack of Correlation Between Epidemiological Data and Expenditures on Prevention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Central America (CA) ” . In Poster Exhibition: Abstract No. MoPeE4010. The XV International AIDS Conference Bangkok , Thailand C. Garcia de Leon“”
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. D. , Diaz , R. M. , Flanders , W. D. , Goodman , M. , Hill , A. N. , Holtgrave , D. , Malow , R. and McClellan , W. M. 2008 . Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Risk for Sexual Transmission of HIV Among Men Who Have Sex with Men . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , “”CD001230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. D. , Hedges , L. V. , Ramirez , G. , Semaan , S. , Norman , L. R. , Sogolow , E. , Sweat , M. D. and Diaz , R. M. 2002 . HIV Prevention Research for Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 30 ( 1 ) : S118 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolenikov , S. and Angeles , G. 2004 . The Use of Discrete Data in PCA: Theory, Simulations, and Applications to Socioeconomic Indices , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina .
   Google Scholar
• Laga , M. , Rugg , D. , Peersman , G. and Ainsworth , M. 2012 . Evaluating HIV Prevention Effectiveness: The Perfect as the Enemy of the Good . AIDS , 26 ( 7 ) : 779 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montano , S. M. , Sanchez , J. L. , Laguna-Torres , A. , Cuchi , P. , Avila , M. M. , Weissenbacher , M. Serra , M. 2005 . Prevalences, Genotypes, and Risk Factors for HIV Transmission in South America . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 40 ( 1 ) : 57 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , E. C. , Wang , H. and Ai , C. 2004 . Computing Interaction Effects and Standard Errors in Logit and Probit Models . The Stata Journal , 4 : 103 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Okal , J. , Chersich , M. F. , Tsui , S. , Sutherland , E. , Temmerman , M. and Luchters , S. 2011 . Sexual and Physical Violence Against Female Sex Workers in Kenya: A Qualitative Enquiry . AIDS Care , 23 ( 5 ) : 612 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padian , N. S. , McCoy , S. I. , Balkus , J. E. and Wasserheit , J. N. 2010 . Weighing the Gold in the Gold Standard: Challenges in HIV Prevention Research . AIDS , 24 ( 5 ) : 621 – 635 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padian , N. S. , McCoy , S. I. , Karim , S. S. , Hasen , N. , Kim , J. , Bartos , M. , Katabira , E. , Bertozzi , S. M. , Schwartlander , B. and Cohen , M. S. 2011 . HIV Prevention Transformed: The New Prevention Research Agenda . Lancet , 378 ( 9787 ) : 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panchanadeswaran , S. , Johnson , S. C. , Sivaram , S. , Srikrishnan , A. K. , Latkin , C. , Bentley , M. E. , Solomon , S. , Go , V. F. and Celentano , D. 2008 . Intimate Partner Violence is as Important as Client Violence in Increasing Street-Based Female Sex Workers’ Vulnerability to HIV in India . International Journal of Drug Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 106 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priddy , F. H. , Wakasiaka , S. , Hoang , T. D. , Smith , D. J. , Farah , B. , del Rio , C. and Ndinya-Achola , J. 2011 . Anal Sex, Vaginal Practices, and HIV Incidence in Female Sex Workers in Urban Kenya: Implications for the Development of Intravaginal HIV Prevention Methods . AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses , 27 ( 10 ) : 1067 – 1072 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Ministry of The Republic of Ecuador . 2005 . “ Declaration of Commitment on HIV-AIDS, UNGASS ” . In Interim Report of the Government of Ecuador Regarding the Monitoring of Its Obligations 2003–2005. Working Document
   Google Scholar
• Ross , D. A. 2010 . Behavioural Interventions to Reduce HIV Risk: What Works?” . AIDS , 24 ( 4 ) : S4 – S14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwandt , M. , Morris , C. , Ferguson , A. , Ngugi , E. and Moses , S. 2006 . Anal and Dry Sex in Commercial Sex Work, and Relation to Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in Meru, Kenya . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 82 ( 5 ) : 392 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahmanesh , M. , Patel , V. , Mabey , D. and Cowan , F. 2008 . Effectiveness of Interventions for the Prevention of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in Female Sex Workers in Resource Poor Setting: A Systematic Review . Tropical Medicine & International Health , 13 ( 5 ) : 659 – 679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , S. , Krishna , R. , Prabhakar , P. , Panyam , S. and Anand , P. 2012 . Exploring Dynamics of Anal Sex Among Female Sex Workers in Andhra Pradesh . Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 33 ( 1 ) : 9 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2010 . Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010 , Geneva : UNAIDS .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. and Yu , K. F. 1998 . What's the Relative Risk? A Method of Correcting the Odds Ratio in Cohort Studies of Common Outcomes . JAMA , 280 ( 19 ) : 1690 – 1691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar