155
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Infections averted by a comprehensive HIV prevention intervention and its cost-effectiveness: a prospective cohort study of persons who inject drugs in Delhi, India

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 77-90 | Received 29 Jan 2022, Accepted 04 Jan 2023, Published online: 10 Jan 2023

References

  • Baggaley, R. F., and C. Fraser. 2010. “Modelling Sexual Transmission of HIV: Testing the Assumptions, Validating the Predictions.” Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 5 (4): 269–276. doi:10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a51b2.
  • Baggaley, R. F., R. G. White, and M. C. Boily. 2010. “HIV Transmission Risk Through Anal Intercourse: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Implications for HIV Prevention.” International Journal of Epidemiology 39 (4): 1048–1063. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq057.
  • Basu, I., S. Jana, M. J. Rotheram-Borus, D. Swendeman, S. J. Lee, P. Newman, and R. Weiss. 2004. “HIV Prevention Among Sex Workers in India.” JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 36 (3): 845–852. doi:10.1097/00126334-200407010-00012.
  • Bedimo, A. L., S. D. Pinkerton, D. A. Cohen, B. Gray, and T. A. Farley. 2002. “Condom Distribution: A Cost–Utility Analysis.” International Journal of STD & AIDS 13 (6): 384–392. doi:10.1258/095646202760029804.
  • Binagwaho, A., E. Pegurri, P. C. Drobac, P. Mugwaneza, S. N. Stulac, C. M. Wagner, C. Karema, and L. Tsague. 2013. “Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV: Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Regimens and Feeding Options in Rwanda.” Plos One 8 (2): e54180. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054180.
  • Boily, M. C., A. Buve, and R. F. Baggaley. 2010. “HIV Transmission in Serodiscordant Heterosexual Couples.” The BMJ 340: c2449. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2449.
  • Boily, M. C., G. Godin, M. Hogben, L. Sherr, and F. I. Bastos. 2005. “The Impact of the Transmission Dynamics of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic on Sexual Behaviour: A New Hypothesis to Explain Recent Increases in Risk Taking-Behaviour Among Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Medical Hypotheses 65 (2): 215–226. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.017.
  • Cabases, J. M., and E. Sanchez. 2003. “Costs and Effectiveness of a Syringe Distribution and Needle Exchange Program for HIV Prevention in a Regional Setting.” The European Journal of Health Economics 4 (3): 203–208. doi:10.1007/s10198-003-0172-7.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1993. “Recommendations for HIV Testing Services and Outpatients in Acute-Care Hospital Settings; and Technical Guidance on HIV Counseling.” MMWR 42 (RR–2): 1–17.
  • Cohen, D. A., S. Y. Wu, and T. A. Farley. 2004. “Comparing the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Interventions.” JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 37 (3): 1404–1414. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000123271.76723.96.
  • Creese, A., K. Floyd, A. Alban, and L. Guinness. 2002. “Cost-Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Interventions in Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.” The Lancet 359 (9318): 1635–1643. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08595-1.
  • Dandona, L., and E. G. Benotsch. 2011. “Evaluation of the Avahan HIV Prevention Initiative in India.” BMC Public Health 11 (Suppl 6): I1. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-S6-I1.
  • Dandona, L., S. G. Kumar, G. A. Kumar, and R. Dandona. 2010. “Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Interventions in Andhra Pradesh State of India.” BMC Health Services Research 10: 117. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-117.
  • Des Jarlais, D. C., H. Hagan, S. R. Friedman, P. Friedmann, D. Goldberg, M. Frischer, S. Green, et al. 1995. “Maintaining Low HIV Seroprevalence in Populations of Injecting Drug Users.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 274 (15): 1226–1231. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530150050033.
  • Drabo, E. F., J. W. Hay, R. Vardavas, Z. R. Wagner, and N. Sood. 2016. “A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Among Los Angeles County Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 63 (11): 1495–1504. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw578.
  • Fineberg, H. V. 1988. “Education to Prevent AIDS: Prospects and Obstacles.” Science 239 (4840): 592–596. doi:10.1126/science.3340845.
  • Fung, I. C., L. Guinness, P. Vickerman, C. Watts, G. Vannela, J. Vadhvana, A. M. Foss, L. Malodia, M. Gandhi, and G. Jani. 2007. “Modelling the Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of the HIV Intervention Programme Amongst Commercial Sex Workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.” BMC Public Health 7: 195. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-195.
  • Guinness, L., P. Vickerman, Z. Quayyum, A. Foss, C. Watts, A. Rodericks, T. Azim, S. Jana, and L. Kumaranayake. 2010. “The Cost-Effectiveness of Consistent and Early Intervention of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users in Bangladesh.” Addiction 105 (2): 319–328. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02755.x.
  • Holtgrave, D. R., S. D. Pinkerton, T. S. Jones, P. Lurie, and D. Vlahov. 1998. “Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Increasing Access to Sterile Syringes and Needles as an HIV Prevention Intervention in the United States.” J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18 Suppl 1: S133–8.
  • Jia, J., Q. Zhu, L. Deng, G. Lan, A. Johnson, H. Chen, Z. Shen, et al. 2022. “Treatment Outcomes of HIV Patients with Hepatitis B and C Virus Co-Infections in Southwest China: An Observational Cohort Study.” Infectious Diseases of Poverty 11 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s40249-021-00921-5.
  • Jin, F., J. Jansson, M. Law, G. P. Prestage, I. Zablotska, J. C. Imrie, S. C. Kippax, J. M. Kaldor, A. E. Grulich, and D. P. Wilson. 2010. “Per-Contact Probability of HIV Transmission in Homosexual Men in Sydney in the Era of HAART.” AIDS 24 (6): 907–913. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283372d90.
  • Kahn, J. G., A. E. Washington, J. A. Showstack, M. Berlin, and K. Philips. 1992. Updated Estimates of the Impact and Cost of HIV Prevention in Injection Drug Users. Report Prepared for the Centers for Disease Control. San Francisco: Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California.
  • Kaplan, E. H., and R. Heimer. 1992. “A Model-Based Estimate of HIV Infectivity via Needle Sharing.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 5 (11): 1116–1118.
  • Kazemian, P., S. Costantini, N. Kumarasamy, A. D. Paltiel, K. H. Mayer, N. Chandhiok, R. P. Walensky, and K. A. Freedberg. 2020. “The Cost-Effectiveness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Preexposure Prophylaxis and HIV Testing Strategies in High-Risk Groups in India.” Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 70 (4): 633–642. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz249.
  • Krebs, E., X. Zang, B. Enns, J. E. Min, C. N. Behrends, C. Del Rio, J. C. Dombrowski, et al. 2020. “The Impact of Localized Implementation: Determining the Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention and Care Interventions Across Six United States Cities.” AIDS 34 (3): 447–458. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002455.
  • Liu, Y., A. E. Ruoho, V. D. Rao, and J. H. Hurley. 1997. “Catalytic Mechanism of the Adenylyl and Guanylyl Cyclases: Modeling and Mutational Analysis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (25): 13414–13419. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13414.
  • Mastro, T. D., G. A. Satten, T. Nopkesorn, S. Sangkharomya, and I. M. Longini Jr. 1994. “Probability of Female-To-Male Transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand.” The Lancet 343 (8891): 204–207. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90990-3.
  • NACO. 2013. “Annual Report 2012-13.” In New Delhi: National AIDS Control Organization, Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. http://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20report%202012-13_English.pdf
  • NACO. 2021. Sankalak: Status of National AIDS Response. Third edition, 2021 ed. New Delhi: National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
  • Papo, J. K., E. K. Bauni, E. J. Sanders, P. Brocklehurst, and H. W. Jaffe. 2011. “Exploring the Condom Gap: Is Supply or Demand the Limiting Factor - Condom Access and Use in an Urban and a Rural Setting in Kilifi District, Kenya.” AIDS 25 (2): 247–255. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328341b9b8.
  • Pinkerton, S. D., and P. R. Abramson. 1997. “Effectiveness of Condoms in Preventing HIV Transmission.” Social Science & Medicine 44 (9): 1303–1312. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001485.
  • Pinkerton, S. D., and P. R. Abramson. 1998. “The Bernoulli-Process Model of HIV Transmission: Applications and Implications.” In Handbook of Economic Evaluation of HIV Prevention Programs, edited by D. R. Holtgrave, 13–32. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Pinkerton, S. D., P. R. Abramson, S. C. Kalichman, S. L. Catz, and A. P. Johnson-Masotti. 2000. “Secondary HIV Transmission Rates in a Mixed-Gender Sample.” International Journal of STD & AIDS 11 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1258/0956462001914887.
  • Pinkerton, S. D., D. R. Holtgrave, and J. B. Jemmott. 2000. “Economic Evaluation of HIV Risk Reduction Intervention in African-American Male Adolescents.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 25 (2): 164–172. 3rd. doi:10.1097/00126334-200010010-00011.
  • Pinkerton, S. D., D. R. Holtgrave, M. Willingham, and E. Goldstein. 1998. “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and HIV Prevention Community Planning.” AIDS & Public Policy Journal 13 (3): 115–127.
  • Remme, M., M. Siapka, A. Vassall, L. Heise, J. Jacobi, C. Ahumada, J. Gay, and C. Watts. 2014. “The Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Gender-Responsive Interventions for HIV: A Systematic Review.” Journal of the International AIDS Society 17: 19228. doi:10.7448/IAS.17.1.19228.
  • Saraswati, L. R., A. Sarna, M. Philip Sebastian, V. Sharma, I. Madan, I. Thior, J. Pulerwitz, and W. Tun. 2015. “HIV, Hepatitis B and C Among People Who Inject Drugs: High Prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis C RNA Positive Infections Observed in Delhi, India.” BMC Public Health 15 (726). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2003-z.
  • Sarna, A., W. Tun, L. Ray Saraswati, M. Philip Sebastian, and V. Sharma. 2015. The AVHI Project: A Peer-Driven Approach to Providing Injection Drug Users with HIV Prevention Services in Delhi, India. New Delhi: Population Council.
  • Sarna, A., W. Tun, V. Sharma, M. Sebastian, I. Madan, A. Yadav, M. Sheehy, D. Lewis, and I. Thior. 2013. “High Uptake of HIV Testing in a Cohort of Male Injection Drug Users in Delhi, India: Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Infection.” AIDS and Behavior 17 (7): 2479–2489. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0442-z.
  • Sebastian, M. P., A. Dasgupta, L. Ray Saraswati, A. Singh, V. Sharma, I. Madan, W. Tun, J. Pulerwitz, I. Thior, and A. Sarna. 2017. “Service Utilization and Cost of Implementing a Comprehensive HIV Prevention and Care Program Among People Who Inject Drugs in Delhi, India.” Harm Reduction Journal 14 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0165-y.
  • Siegel, J. E., M. C. Weinstein, and H. V. Fineberg. 1991. “Bleach Programs for Preventing AIDS Among I.V. Drug Users: Modeling the Impact of HIV Prevalence.” American Journal of Public Health 81 (10): 1273–1279. doi:10.2105/AJPH.81.10.1273.
  • Solomon, S. S., G. M. Lucas, N. Kumarasamy, T. Yepthomi, P. Balakrishnan, A. K. Ganesh, S. Anand, R. D. Moore, S. Solomon, and S. H. Mehta. 2013. “Impact of Generic Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and Free ART Programs on Time to Initiation of ART at a Tertiary HIV Care Center in Chennai, India.” AIDS Care 25 (8): 931–936. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.748160.
  • Solomon, S. S., S. Solomon, B. R. Masse, A. K. Srikrishnan, G. Beauchamp, E. Thamburaj, M. Gulvady, S. Anand, and K. H. Mayer. 2006. “Risk Reduction Counseling is Associated with Decreased HIV Transmission-Associated Behaviors in High-Risk Indian Heterosexuals.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42 (4): 478–483. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000221684.83057.2f.
  • Strathdee, S. A., W. M. Wechsberg, D. L. Kerrigan, and T. L. Patterson. 2013. “HIV Prevention Among Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Intervening Upon Contexts of Heightened HIV Risk.” Annual Review of Public Health 34: 301–316. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114411.
  • Tran, B. X., L. H. Nguyen, H. C. Turner, S. Nghiem, G. T. Vu, C. T. Nguyen, C. A. Latkin, C. S. H. Ho, and R. C. M. Ho. 2019. “Economic Evaluation Studies in the Field of HIV/AIDS: Bibliometric Analysis on Research Development and Scopes (GAPRESEARCH).” BMC Health Services Research 19 (1): 834. doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4613-0.
  • Tun, W., M. P. Sebastian, V. Sharma, I. Madan, S. Souidi, D. Lewis, I. Thior, and A. Sarna. 2013. “Strategies for Recruiting Injection Drug Users for HIV Prevention Services in Delhi, India.” Harm Reduction Journal 10: 16. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-10-16.
  • Vassall, A., M. Pickles, S. Chandrashekar, M. C. Boily, G. Shetty, L. Guinness, C. M. Lowndes, et al. 2014. “Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention for High-Risk Groups at Scale: An Economic Evaluation of the Avahan Programme in South India.” The Lancet Global Health 2 (9): e531–40. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70277-3.
  • Vlahov, D., and B. Junge. 1998. “The Role of Needle Exchange Programs in HIV Prevention.” Public Health Reports 113 (Suppl 1): 75–80.
  • Vlahov, D., A. M. Robertson, and S. A. Strathdee. 2010. “Prevention of HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users in Resource-Limited Settings.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 50 (Suppl 3): S114–21. doi:10.1086/651482.
  • Weinstein, M. C., J. D. Graham, J. E. Siegel, and H. V. Fineberg. 1989. “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of AIDS Prevention Programs: Concepts, Complications, and Illustrations.” In AIDS: Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use, edited by C. F. Turner, H. G. Miller, and L. E. Moses, 471–499. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • WHO. 2009. WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Wodak, A., and A. Cooney. 2006. “Do Needle Syringe Programs Reduce HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users: A Comprehensive Review of the International Evidence.” Substance use & misuse 41 (6–7): 777–813. doi:10.1080/10826080600669579.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.