Evaluation of sub-critical water as an extraction fluid for model contaminants from recycled PET for reuse as food packaging material

References

• Biswas , R and Bagchi , B . 1998 . Ion solvation dynamics in supercritical water . Chem Phys Lett , 290 : 223 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Breyer , K , Regel , K and Michaeli , W . 1996 . Reprocessing of postconsumer PET by reactive extrusion . Polym Recycl , 2 : 251 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Calleja , FJB , Cagiao , ME , Zachmann , HG and Vanderdonckt , C . 1994 . Hydrolysis etching of crystalline and amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate): influence of molecular weight and microstructure . J Macromol Sci. Phys. B , 33 : 333 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Devlieghere , F , Meulenaer , B , Sekitoleko , P , Garcia , AAE and Huyghebaert , A . 1997 . Evaluation, modelling and optimization of the cleaning process of contaminated plastic food refillables . Food Addit Contam , 14 : 671 – 683 .
   Google Scholar
• Feron , VJ , Jetten , J , Kruijf , N De and Van Den Verg , F . 1994 . Polyethylene terphthalate bottles (PRBs): a health and safety assessment . Food Addit Contam , 11 : 571 – 594 .
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. 2006. Use of recycled plastics in food packaging: Chemistry considerations. Washington, DC:FDA
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. 2008. Recycled plastics in food packaging. Washington, DC:FDA. Available from: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_dms/opa-recy.html
   Google Scholar
• Franz , R , Huber , M and Piringer , O . 1994 . Testing and evaluation of recycled plastics for food-packaging use–possible migration through a functional barrier . Food Addit Contam , 11 : 479 – 496 .
   Google Scholar
• Franz , R , Huber , M and Welle , F . 1998 . Recycling of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact application–a feasibility study using a simplified challenge test . Deutsche Lebensm-Rundsch , 94 : 303 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Franz , R and Welle , F . 1999 . Analytical screening and development of analytical method for quality assurance checking of market usual PET flakes . Deutsche Lebensm-Rundsch , 95 : 94 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Franz , R and Welle , F . 2002 . Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact applications: challenge test of an inline recycling process . Food Addit Contam , 19 : 502 – 511 .
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch , K and Welle , F . 2002 . Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for packaging . Kunstst-Plast Eur , 92 : 111
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , SB , Yang , Y and Miller , DJ . 1994 . Extraction of organic pollutants from environmental solids with sub- and supercritical water . Anal Chem , 66 : 2912 – 2920 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , SB , Grabanski , CB , Martin , E and Miller , DJ . 2000 . Comparisons of soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and sub-critical water extraction for environmental solids: recovery, selectivity and effects on sample matrix . J Chromatogr A , 892 : 421 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Inata , H and Matsumura , S . 1987 . Chain extenders for polyesters. IV. Properties of the polyesters chain extended by 2,20-bis(2-oxazoline) . J Appl Polym Sci , 33 : 3069 – 3079 .
   Google Scholar
• International Life Sciences Institute. 1998. Recycling of plastics for food contact use. Guidelines prepared under the responsibility of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) European Packaging Material Task Force. Brussels (Belgium): ILSI
   Google Scholar
• Karayannidis , GP , Kokkalas , D and Bikiaris , D . 1993 . Solid-state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles . I. J Appl Polym Sci , 50 : 2135 – 2142 .
   Google Scholar
• Karayannidis , GP , Kokkalas , DE and Bikiaris , DN . 1995 . Solid-state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles . II. J Appl Polym Sci. , 56 : 405 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Komolprasert , VE and Lawson , A . 1995 . “ Residual contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate): effects of washing and drying ” . In Plastics, rubber, and paper recycling , 435 – 444 . New York : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Komolprasert , V and Lawson , A . 1994 . “ Effects of aqueous-based washing on removal of hydrocarbons from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) ” . In Proceedings of 52nd Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers , 2906 – 2908 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Limm , W and Hollifield , HC . 1995 . Effects of temperature and mixing on polymer adjuvant migration to corn oil and water . Food Addit Contam , 12 : 609 – 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Lou , X , Janssen , HG and Cramers , CA . 1997 . Parameters affecting the accelerated solvent extraction of polymeric samples . Anal Chem , 69 : 1598 – 1603 .
   Google Scholar
• Mancini , SD . 2001 . “ Studies on solid-state hydrolysis of post-consumer PET for chemical recycling. PhD thesis in Materials Engineering and Science ” . Federal University of São Carlos . (in Portuguese)
   Google Scholar
• Munro , IC . 1990 . Safety assessment procedures for indirect food additives: An overview . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 12 : 2 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• National Health Surveillance Agency. RDC no. 20 from 03/26/2008. Technical Regulation of food grade post-consumer recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (food grade PCR PET) packagings intended for food contact (in Portuguese). Available from: http://www.anvisa.gov.br/e-legis
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , TJ . 1994 . Limonene and myrcene sorption into refillable poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles, and washing effects on removal of sorbed compounds . J Food Sci , 59 : 227 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , T , Damant , AP and Castle , L . 1997 . Validation studies of a quick test for predicting the sorption and washing properties of refillable plastic bottles . Food Addit Contam , 14 : 685 – 693 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinto , JSS . 2002 . “ The use of sub-critical water as a green analytical tool. PhD thesis in Analytical Chemistry ” . University of São Paulo State . (in Portuguese)
   Google Scholar
• Pinto JSS, Moreira JJS, Lanças FM. 2001. Sub-critical water: a paradigm to be incorporated in our day-life. Proceedings of Brazilian Meeting on Supercritical Fluids. 4. Salvador (Brazil) October 9–11, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos , L , Kristenson , EM and Brinkman , UA . 2002 . Current use of pressurised liquid extraction and sub-critical water extraction in environmental analysis . J Chromatogr A , 975 : 3 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , CE . 1989 . “ Permeation of Gases and Vapours in Polymers ” . In Polymer Permeability , Edited by: Comyn , J . 11 – 73 . London : Elsevier . Chapter 2
   Google Scholar
• Santos , ASF , Agnelli , JAM and Manrich , S . 2001 . Sample preparation for laboratory evaluation of recycling processes of post-consumer plastics for direct food contact. Proceedings of 6th Brazilian Polymer Congress , Gramado : Associação Brasileira de Polímeros .
   Google Scholar
• Schloss , FM . 1998 . Decontamination of RPET by steam distillation . US Patent 5.824.196 (Plastics Technologies Inc.)
   Google Scholar
• Vematsu , M and Franck , EV . 1980 . Static dielectric constant of water and steam . J Phys Chem Ref Data , 9 : 1291 – 1306 .
   Google Scholar