Assessing the safety of co-exposure to food packaging migrants in food and water using the maximum cumulative ratio and an established decision tree

References

• Boobis A, Budinsky R, Collie S, Crofton K, Embry M, Felter S, Hertzberg R, Kopp D, Mihlan G, Mumtaz M, et al. 2011. Critical analysis of literature on low dose synergy for use in screening chemical mixtures for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 41:369–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer GM, Ford RA, Hall RL. 1978. Estimation of toxic hazard – a decision tree approach. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 16:255–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EU. 1982. Council Directive of 18 October 1982 laying down the basic rules necessary for testing migration of the constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Off J Eur Commun. L297:26–30.
   Google Scholar
• EU. 1993. Council Directive of 15 March 1993 amending Council Directive 82/711/EEC laying down the basic rules necessary for testing migration of constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Off J Eur Commun. L.90:22–25.
   Google Scholar
• EU. 1997. Council Directive of 29 July 1997 amending for the second time Council Directive 82/711/EEC laying down the basic rules necessary for testing migration of the constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Off J Eur Commun. L222:10–15.
   Google Scholar
• EU. 2011. Commission regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Off J Eur Union. L12:1–89.
   Google Scholar
• EU Scientific Committees. 2011. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR): Toxicity and Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. Brussels: European Commission, DG Health and Consumers.
   Google Scholar
• Junghans M, Backhaus T, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH. 2006. Application and validation of approaches for the predictive hazard assessment of realistic pesticide mixtures. Aquat Toxicol. 76:93–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Price PS. 2011. Determining the maximum cumulative ratios for mixtures observed in ground water wells used as drinking water supplies in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 8:4729–4745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Price PS. 2013. Applying the maximum cumulative ratio methodology to biomonitoring data on dioxin-like compounds in the general public and two occupationally exposed populations. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 23:343–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostera S, Boobis AR, Cubberley R, Hollnagel HM, Richlinge E, Wildemann T, Würtzeng G, Galli CL. 2011. Application of the TTC concept to unknown substances found in analysis of foods. Food Chem Toxicol. 49:1643–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroes R, Renwick AG, Cheeseman M, Kleiner J, Mangelsdorf I, Piersma A, Schilter B, Schlatter J, van Schothorst F, Vos JG, Würtzen G. 2004. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:65–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek ME, Boobis AR, Crofton KM, Heinemeyer G, Van Raaij M, Vickers C. 2011. Risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals: a WHO/IPCS framework. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 60:S1–S14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro IC, Ford RA, Kennepohl E, Sprenger JG. 1996. Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: a proposal for establishing a value of actual risk threshold of concern. Food Chem Toxicol. 34:829–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro IC, Renwick AG, Danielewska-Nikiel B. 2008. The threshold of toxicological concern in risk assessment. Toxicol Lett. 180:151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinalli R, Croera C, Theobald A, Feigenbaum A. 2011. Threshold of toxicological concern approach for the risk assessment of substances used for the manufacture of plastic food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol. 22:523–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P, Dhein E, Hamer M, Han X, Heneweer M, Junghans M, Kunz P, Magyar C, Penning H, Rodriguez C. 2012. A decision tree for assessing effects from exposures to multiple substances. Environ. Sci. Eur. 24:26–33.
   Google Scholar
• Price P, Han X. 2011. Maximum cumulative ratio (MCR) as a tool for assessing the value of performing a cumulative risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 8:2212–2225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P, Han X, Junghans M, Kunz P, Watts C, Leverett D. 2012. An application of a decision tree for assessing effects from exposures to multiple substances to the assessment of human and ecological effects from combined exposures to chemicals observed in surface waters and waste water effluents. Environ. Sci. Eur. 24:34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Price PS, Hollnagel HM, Zabik JM. 2009. Characterizing the noncancer toxicity of mixtures using concepts from the TTC and quantitative models of uncertainty in mixture toxicity. Risk Anal. 29:1534–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimann C, Birke M, Filzmoser P. 2010. Bottled drinking water: water contamination from bottle materials (glass, hard PET, soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification. Appl. Geochem. 25:1030–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose M, Baxter M, Brereton N, Baskaran C. 2010. Dietary exposure to metals and other elements in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study and some trends over the last 30 years. Food Addit Contam Part A. 27:1380–1404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjevrak I, Brede C, Steffensen I-L, Mikalsen A, Alexander J, Fjeldal P, Herikstad H. 2005. Non-targeted multi-component analytical surveillance of plastic food contact materials: Identification of substances not included in EU positive lists and their risk assessment. Food Addit Contam. 22:1012–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 2009. Harmonization Project Document 7; Assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals. Report of a WHO/IPCS International Workshop on Aggregate/Cumulative Risk Assessment. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar