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Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A Volume 32, 2015 - Issue 8
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Original Articles

Concentrations of dimethylaniline and other metabolites in milk and tissues of dairy cows treated with lidocaine

Ron L.A.P. HoogenboomRIKILT-Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the NetherlandsCorrespondence[email protected]
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,
Tina ZuidemaRIKILT-Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Martien EssersRIKILT-Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Ad M. van VuurenWageningen UR Livestock Research Lelystad, Lelystad, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Piet G. van WikselaarWageningen UR Livestock Research Lelystad, Lelystad, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Jan C.H. van EijkerenRIVM, Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Marcel J.B. MengelersRIVM, Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Marco J. ZeilmakerRIVM, Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the NetherlandsView further author information
&
Astrid S. BulderRIVM, Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the NetherlandsView further author information
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Pages 1256-1264 | Received 19 Apr 2015, Accepted 16 Jun 2015, Published online: 24 Jul 2015

References

  • Cox S, Wilson J, Doherty T. 2012. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous administration to cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 35:305–308.
  • EC. 2001. Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 6 November 2001 on the community code relating to veterinary medicinal products. Off J Eur Comm. L311:1–66.
  • EMEA. 1999. European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. Lidocaine. Summary report. July 1999.
  • IARC. 1993. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-xylidine). Lyon: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Vol. 57. 323–335.
  • Keenaghan JB, Boyes RN. 1972. The tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of lidocaine in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 180:454–463.
  • Kirkland D, Ballantyne M, Harlfinger S, Will O, Jahnel U, Kraus A, van Dorp C. 2012. Further investigations into the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine and one of its key metabolites. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 62:151–159.
  • Puente NW, Josephy PD. 2001. Analysis of the tidocaine Metabolite 2,6-Dimethylaniline in Bovine and Human Milk. J Anal Toxicol. 25:711–715.
  • Sellers G, Lin HC, Riddell MG, Ravis WR, Duran SH, Givens MD. 2009. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in serum and milk of mature Holstein cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 32:446–450.
  • Stoopen et al. Forthcoming. Biotransformation of lidocaine by bovine liver slices results in the formation of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
  • Thuesen LR, Friis C. 2012. In vitro metabolism of lidocaine in pig, cattle and rat. Proceedings of the EAVPT. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 35:157–158.
  • US National Toxicology Program. 1990. Toxicology and carcinogenesis Studies of 2,6-xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline) (CAS No. 87-62-7) in Charles River CD rats (feed studies) (NT Technical Report 278; NIH Publication No. 90-2534), Research Triangle Park.

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