352
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Characterisation of TiO2-containing pearlescent pigments with regard to the European Union labelling obligation of engineered nanomaterials in food

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 741-753 | Received 16 Dec 2020, Accepted 26 Feb 2021, Published online: 14 Apr 2021

References

  • Cho J-H, Lim S-H. 2006. Internal structure analysis of mica particles coated with metal oxide by transmission electron microscopy. Dyes Pigm. 69:192–195. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.03.002.
  • Dudefoi W, Terrisse H, Richard-Plouet M, Gautron E, Popa F, Humbert B, Ropers M-H. 2017. Criteria to define a more relevant reference sample of titanium dioxide in the context of food: a multiscale approach. Food Addit Contam Part A. 34:653–665.
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2019. EFSA statement on the review of the risks related to the exposure to the food additive titanium dioxide (E171) performed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES). EFSA J. 17:e05714.
  • [EFSA Panel] European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings. 2019. Scientific opinion on the proposed amendment of the EU specifications for titanium dioxide (E 171) with respect to the inclusion of additional parameters related to its particle size distribution. EFSA J. 17(7):5760, 23. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5760.
  • [EFSA Panel] European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings. 2020. Re‐evaluation of sodium aluminium silicate (E 554) and potassium aluminium silicate (E 555) as food additives. EFSA J. 18:e06152.
  • [EFSA Panel] European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food. 2016. Re-evaluation of titanium dioxide (E 171) as a food additive. EFSA J. 14:e04545. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4545.
  • European Commission. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives (Text with EEA relevance). Off J Eur Union (OJ). L 354:16–18.
  • European Commission. 2011a. Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers. Off J Eur Union. L304/18.54:18–24.
  • European Commission. 2011b. Commission Recommendation of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). Off J Eur Union. L275/38:38–40.
  • European Commission. 2015. Regulation (EC) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament. Off J Eur Union. L327:1–22.
  • Geiss O, Bianchi I, Senaldi C, Bucher G, Verleysen E, Waegeneers N, Brassinne F, Mast J, Loeschner K, Vidmar J, et al. 2021. Particle size analysis of pristine food-grade titanium dioxide and E 171 in confectionery products: interlaboratory testing of a single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry screening method and confirmation with transmission electron microscopy. Food Control. 120:107550. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107550.
  • Geiss O, Ponti J, Senaldi C, Bianchi I, Mehn D, Barrero J, Gilliland D, Matissek R, Anklam E. 2019. Characterisation of food grade titania with respect to nanoparticle content in pristine additives and in their related food products. Food Addit Contam Part A. 37:239–253. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1695067.
  • Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Echlin P, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR. 2008. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. 3rd ed. Springer.
  • [ISO] International Organization for Standardization. 2004. ISO 13322-1:2004(E) - particle size analysis - Image analysis methods - part 1: static image analysis methods.
  • [ISO] International Organization for Standardization. 2020. ISO 13320:2020(E). Particle size analysis - laser diffraction methods. 2nd ed. International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
  • Lomer MCE, Thompson RPH, Commisso J, Keen CL, Powell JJ. 2000. Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Analyst. 125:2339–2343. doi:10.1039/b006285p.
  • Mahé M, Heintz J-M, Rödel J, Reynders P. 2008. Cracking of titania nanocrystalline coatings. J Eur Ceram Soc. 28:2003–2010. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.02.002.
  • Maile FJ, Pfaff G, Reynders P. 2005. Effect pigments—past, present and future. Prog Org Coat. 54:150–163. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.07.003.
  • Malvern. 2007. Sample dispersion and refractive index guide - MAN0396. Malvern Panalytical.
  • Miernicki M, Hofmann T, Eisenberger I, Von Der Kammer F, Praetorius A. 2019. Legal and practical challenges in classifying nanomaterials according to regulatory definitions. Nat Nanotechnol. 14:208–216. doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0396-z.
  • Ministre de l’Économie et des Finances et de la Relance. 2019. Arrêté du 17 avril 2019 portant suspension de la mise sur le marché des denrées contenant l’additif E 171 (dioxyde de titane - TiO2). NOR: ECOC1911549A.
  • Ministre de l’Économie, des Finances et de la Relance. 2020. Arrêté du 21 décembre 2020 portant suspension de la mise sur le marché des denrées contenant l’additif E 171 (dioxyde de titane - TiO2). NOR: ECOC2030515A.
  • Peters RJB, Van Bemmel G, Herrera-Rivera Z, Helsper HPFG, Marvin HJP, Weigel S, Tromp PC, Oomen AG, Rietveld AG, Bouwmeester H. 2014. Characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food products: analytical methods to define nanoparticles. J Agric Food Chem. 62:6285–6293. doi:10.1021/jf5011885.
  • Pfaff G. 2014. Faszinierende Farbspiele Effektpigmente – ein gelungenes Zusammenspiel von Chemie und Physik. q&more.01.14.
  • Pfaff G. 2017. Inorganic pigments: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. Merck Patent GmbH.
  • Pfaff G, Andes S, Ambrosius K, Petry R, Roesler M, Schoen S, inventors; Merck Patent GmbH, assignee. 2016 Mar 10. Effect pigments. US20160068683 A1.
  • U. S. Food and Drug Administration. 2019. 21CFR73.350 - Part 73: Listing of color additives exempt from certification.
  • Verleysen E, Waegeneers N, Brassinne F, De Vos S, Jimenez IO, Mathioudaki S, Mast J. 2020. Physicochemical characterization of the pristine E171 food additive by standardized and validated methods. Nanomaterials. 10:592. doi:10.3390/nano10030592.
  • Vladára AE, Hodoroaba V-D. 2019. Characterization of nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy. In: V.-D. Hodoroaba, W. Unger and A. Shard editors, Characterization of nanoparticles - measurement processes for nanoparticles. Elsevier; p. 2.45–85.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.