Association between dietary 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and renal cancer in Peninsular Malaysia: exposure assessment and matched case-control study

References

• Abd Razak RA, Ahmad Tarmizi AH, Abdul Hammid AN, Kuntom A, Ismail IS, Sanny M. 2019. Verification and evaluation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in palm oil products of different regions in Malaysia. Food Addit Contam Part A. 36(11):1626–1636. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1654139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullah N-F, Teo PS, Foo LH. 2016. Ethnic differences in the food intake patterns and its associated factors of adolescents in Kelantan, Malaysia. Nutrients. 8(9):551. doi:10.3390/nu8090551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Bayati O, Hasan A, Pruthi D, Kaushik D, Liss MA. 2019. Systematic review of modifiable risk factors for kidney cancer. Urol Oncol. 37(6):359–371. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS). 2017. Official method Cd 29c-13. 2- and 3-MCPD Fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils and fats by GC/MS (difference method). Revised 2017. Official methods and recommended practises of the AOCS. 7th ed. AOCS.
   Google Scholar
• Atkins MB. 2021. Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and staging of renal cell carcinoma. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; [accessed 2021 May 31].
   Google Scholar
• Azizah AM, Nor Saleha IT, Noor Hashimah A, Asmah Z, Mastulu W. 2016. Malaysian National cancer registry report 2007–2011: Malaysia cancer statistic, data and figure. Malaysia: National Cancer Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Azizah AMN, Saleha ITN, Hashimah A, Asmah Z, Mastulu W. 2019. Malaysian National cancer registry report 2012–2016: Malaysia cancer statistic, data and figure. Malaysia: National Cancer Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Becalski A, Zhao T, Granvogl M, Arbuckle T. 2015. A pilot survey of 2-and 3- monochloropropanediol and glycidol fatty acid esters in baby formula on the Canadian market 2012–2013. J Food Compos Anal. 44:111–114. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becalski A, Zhao T, Granvogl M, Arbuckle T. 2018. An investigation of presence of 2-and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters in Canadian human milk samples. Food Addit Contam Part A. 35(10):1881–1889. doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1506163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman JK, Grassi K, MacMahon S. 2020. Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A. 37(3):374–390. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1706002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buhrke T, Schultrich K, Braeuning A, Lampen A. 2017. Comparative analysis of transcriptomic responses to repeated-dose exposure to 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD in rat kidney, liver and testis. Food Chem Toxicol. 106(Pt A):36–46. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho WS, Han BS, Nam KT, Park K, Choi M, Kim SH, Jeong J, Jang DD. 2008. Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 46(9):3172–3177. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Je Y, Cho E. 2014. Analgesic use and the risk of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Int J Cancer. 134(2):384–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow WH, Dong LM, Devesa SS. 2010. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 7(5):245–257. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clague J, Lin J, Cassidy A, Matin S, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Wood CG, Wu X. 2009. Family history and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study and systematic meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 18(3):801–807. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews C, Chiodini A, Granvogl M, Hamlet C, Hrnčiřík K, Kuhlmann J, Lampen A, Scholz G, Weisshaar R, Wenzl T, et al. 2013. Analytical approaches for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in food and biological samples: a review and future perspectives. Food Addit Contam Part A. 30(1):11–45. doi:10.1080/19440049.2012.720385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel C, Schwartz K, Colt J, Dong L, Ruterbusch J, Purdue M, Cross A, Rothman N, Davis F, Wacholder S. 2011. Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 105(7):1096–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan A. 1993. Solar and ultraviolet radiation. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol 55. J Clin Pathol. 46(9):880. doi:10.1136/jcp.46.9.880-a
   Google Scholar
• Department of Statistics Malaysia. 2022. Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2022. Prime Ministers Department, Department of Statistics Malaysia. www.dosm.gov.my.
   Google Scholar
• Dupont WD, Plummer WD. 1998. Power and sample size calculations for studies involving linear regression. Control Clin Trials. 19(6):589–601. doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(98)00037-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2018. Update of the risk assessment on 3‐monochloropropane diol and its fatty acid esters. EFSA J. 16(1):e05083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2006. Guidance of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA related to uncertainties in dietary exposure assessment. EFSA J. 438:1–54.
   Google Scholar
• Ermacora A, Hrnčiřík K. 2014. Development of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oil-based foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A. 31(6):985–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC). 2001. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on 3-monochloro-propane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD). Brussel, Belgium: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (EC). 2020. Commission Regulation (EU) as amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of 3-monochloropropane diol (3-MCPD), 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters in certain foods. European Commission, Brussels, 2019. Official Journal of European Union. L 310:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Freudenstein A, Weking J, Matthäus B. 2013. Influence of precursors on the formation of 3‐MCPD and glycidyl esters in a model oil under simulated deodorization conditions. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 115(3):286–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh JJ, Purdue MP, Signoretti S, Swanton C, Albiges L, Schmidinger M, Heng DY, Larkin J, Ficarra V. 2017. Renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3:17009. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Mao Y, White K. 2002. Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada. Occup Med. 52(3):157–164. doi:10.1093/occmed/52.3.157
   Google Scholar
• Hunt JD, Van der Hel OL, McMillan GP, Boffetta P, Brennan P. 2005. Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int J Cancer. 114(1):101–108. doi:10.1002/ijc.20618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inagaki R, Ito F, Shimamura Y, Masuda S. 2019. Effect of chloride on the formation of 3-monochloro-1, 2-propanediol fatty acid diesters and glycidol fatty acid esters in fish, meats and acylglycerols during heating. Food Addit Contam Part A. 36(2):236–243. doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1562231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2016. Outdoor Air Pollution. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 109:9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute for Public Health (IPH). (2014). National health and morbidity survey 2014: Malaysian adult nutrition survey (MANS). Vol. 3, Food consumption statistics of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Public Health (IPH) 2015. National health and morbidity survey 2015 (NHMS 2015). Vol. 2, Non-communicable diseases, risk factors & other health problems. Kuala Lumpur: Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2000. Some industrial chemicals: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Vol. 77. Lyon, France: IARC; p. 469–486.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2012. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts: international agency for research on cancer (IARC) monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 100. Lyon, France: IARC; p. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Jeong J, Han BS, Cho WS, Choi M, Ha CS, Lee BS, Kim YB, Son WC, Kim CY. 2010. Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) administered by drinking water to B6C3F1 mice showed no carcinogenic potential. Arch Toxicol. 84(9):719–729. doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0552-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 2018. Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: prepared by the eighty-third meeting of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA). 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol esters and 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol. WHO food additives series FAO JECFA monographs 19 Bis. No. 74. Geneva: World Health Organization; p. 665–761.
   Google Scholar
• Laws of Malaysia. 2021. Malaysia Food Act 1983 and Regulations 1985. Fourteenth a schedule (Regulation 38A). Maximum permitted proportion of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in specific food. Petaling Jaya (Malaysia): International Law Book Services.
   Google Scholar
• Lee BS, Park SJ, Kim YB, Han JS, Jeong EJ, Son HY, Moon KS. 2017. Twenty-six-week oral carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in CB6F1-rasH2 transgenic mice. Arch Toxicol. 91(1):453–464. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1696-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew JQ, Chow W, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Park Y. 2011. Alcohol consumption and risk of renal cell cancer: the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Br J Cancer. 104(3):537–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Nie SP, Zhou YQ, Xie MY. 2015. Exposure assessment of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol esters from edible oils and fats in China. Food Chem Toxicol. 75:8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CZ, Zhu J, Wang S, Nie S, Xie M. 2016. Formation of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol esters in model systems simulating thermal processing of edible oil. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 69:586–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao Z, Fang Z, Gou S, Luo Y, Liu Y, He Z, Li X, Peng Y, Fu Z, Li D. 2022. The role of diet in renal cell carcinoma incidence: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med. 20(1):1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Peveri G, Bosetti C, Bagnardi V, Specchia C, Gallus S, Lugo A. 2019. Dose-response relationships between cigarette smoking and kidney cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 142:86–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Zhou P, Yang D. 2021. Chloropropanol and glycidyl esters content in edible vegetable oils in China in 2015-2017. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 50(1):75–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ljungberg BC, Choi HY. 2011. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 60(4):615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013. Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States. Food Addit Contam Part A. 30(12):2081–2092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Mazzola E, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013. Analysis of processing contaminants in edible oils. Part 1. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the direct detection of 3-monochloropropanediol monoesters and glycidyl esters. J Agric Food Chem. 61(20):4737–4747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud YI, Abo-Zied FS, Salem ST. 2019. Effects of subacute 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol treatment on the kidney of male albino rats. Biotech Histochem. 94(3):199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margetts BM, Nelson M. 1995. Measuring dietary exposure in nutritional epidemiological studies. Nutr Res Rev. 8(1):165–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthäus B, Pudel F, Fehling P, Vosmann K, Freudenstein A. 2011. Strategies for the reduction of 3‐MCPD esters and related compounds in vegetable oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113(3):380–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkle S, Ostermeyer U, Rohn S, Karl H, Fritsche J. 2018. Mitigation strategies for ester bound 2-/3-MCPD and esterified glycidol in pre-fried breaded and frozen fish products. Food Chem. 245:196–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen KH, Fromberg A. 2020. Monochloropropanediol and glycidyl esters in infant formula and baby food products on the Danish market: occurrence and preliminary risk assessment. Food Control. 110:106980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci D, Santangelo OE, Provenzano S, Nardi M, Firenze A, Gianfredi V. 2022. Altered food behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 19(16):10299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberemm AB, Sawada S, Pink M, Frenzel F, Rozycki C, Meckert C, Zabinsky E, Braeuning A, Lampen A. 2017. Lanthanum chloride precipitation-based toxicoproteomic analysis of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol toxicity in rat kidney reveals involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. Arch Toxicol. 91(10):3247–3260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protzel C, Marucchke M, Hakenberg OW. 2012. Epidemiology, aetiology, and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol Suppl. 11:52–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdue MP, Johansson M, Zelenika D. 2011. Genome-wide association study of renal cell carcinoma identifies two susceptibility loci on 2p21 and 11q13.3. Nat Genet. 43(1):60–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scelo G, Larose TL. 2018. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. J Clin Oncol. 36(36):JCO2018791905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimamura Y, Inagaki R, Oike M, Dong B, Gong W, Masuda S. 2021. Glycidol fatty acid ester and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid ester in commercially prepared foods. Foods. 10(12):2905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subar AF, Thompson FE, Kipnis V, Midthune D, Hurwitz P, McNutt S, McIntosh A, Rosenfeld S. 2001. Comparative validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaires: the eating at America’s table study. Am J Epidemiol. 154(12):1089–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunahara G, Perrin I, Marchesini M. 1993. Carcinogenicity study on 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) administered in drinking water to Fischer 344 rats. Unpublished report No. RE-SR93003 submitted to IMR by Nestec Ltd, Research & Development, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. 2021. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71(3):209–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sungur Ş, Azak E. 2019. Determination of fatty acid profile and 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) levels in bakery products. Nat Eng Sci. 4(2):114–124.
   Google Scholar
• Tee ES, Mohd. Ismail N, Mohd Nasir A, Khatijah I. 1997. Nutrient composition of Malaysian foods. 4th ed. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Food Composition Database Programme, Institute for Medical Research.
   Google Scholar
• Tiong SH, Saparin N, Teh HF, Ng TLM, Md Zain MZB, Neoh BK, Md Noor A, Tan CP, Lai OM, Appleton DR. 2018. Natural organochlorines as precursors of 3-monochloropropanediol esters in vegetable oils. J Agric Food Chem. 66(4):999–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. 2007. The Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Bull World Health Organ. 85:867–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weikert S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Becker N, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Arvaniti A. 2006. Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 118(12):3133–3139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SL, Low KH, Jenatabadi HS, Mohamed CW, Khor SM. 2020. Estimation of the dietary intake and risk assessment of food carcinogens (3-MCPD and 1, 3-DCP) in soy sauces by Monte Carlo simulation. Food Chem. 311:126033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). 1992. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. 894:1–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). 2002. Instructions for electronic submission of data on chemical contaminants in foods - Appendix 5: evaluation of low level contamination in foods. GEMS/Food Electronic Reporting Manual for Contaminants in Food. World Health Organisation: Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Program (GEMS/FOOD). WHO/SDE/PHE/FOS/00.3. [Revised 2002 January].
   Google Scholar
• Wu S, Zhu W, Thompson P, Hannun YA. 2018. Evaluating intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors. Nat Commun. 9(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım A, Yorulmaz A. 2018. The effect of rosemary extract on 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters formed during frying. Grasas Aceites. 569(4):273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HJ, Zhang M, Cheong LZ, Hu P, Zhao Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Xu X. 2016. Mitigation of 3-monochloro-1, 2-propanediol ester formation by radical scavengers. J Agric Food Chem. 64(29):5887–5892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Yang Z, Binns C, Lee A. 2002. Diet and ovarian cancer risk: a case–control study in China. Br J Cancer. 86(5):712–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar