Developing a method to measure actual CT distribution in an ozone contactor with a reactive tracer test

References

• L.L. Gyürék, H.B. Li, M. Belosevic, G.R. Finch, Ozone inactivation kinetics of Cryptosporidium in phosphate buffer, J. Environ. Eng. 125 (1999) 913–924.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:10(913)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.M. Driedger, J.L. Rennecker, B.J. Mariñas, Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and monochloramine at low temperature, Water Res. 35 (2001) 41–48.10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00260-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Corona-Vasquez, J.L. Rennecker, A.M. Driedger, B.J. Mariñas, Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine or monochloramine, Water Res. 36 (2002) 178–188.10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00245-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Amy, C. Douville, B. Daw, J. Sohn, C. Galey, D. Gatel, J. Cavard, Bromate formation under ozonation conditions to inactivate Cryptosporidium, Water Sci. Technol. 41 (2000) 61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.H. Kim, U. von Gunten, B.J. Mariñas, Simultaneous prediction of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate formation during ozonation of synthetic waters, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 2232–2241.10.1021/es034760w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Driedger, E. Staub, U. Pinkernell, B. Mariñas, W. Köster, U. Gunten, Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores and formation of bromate during ozonation, Water Res. 35 (2001) 2950–2960.10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00577-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Roustan, C. Beck, O. Wable, J.P. Duguet, J. Mallevialle, Modelling hydraulics of ozone contactors, Ozone Sci. Eng. 15 (1993) 213–226.10.1080/01919519308552485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Do-Quang, C.C. Ramirez, M. Roustan, Influence of geometrical characteristics and operating conditions on the effectiveness of ozone contacting in fine-bubbles conventional diffusion reactors, Ozone Sci. Eng. 22 (2000) 369–378.10.1080/01919510009408781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.G. El-Din, D.W. Smith, Development of transient back flow cell model (BFCM) for bubble columns, Ozone Sci. Eng. 23 (2001) 313–326.10.1080/01919510108962014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.J. Greene, B. Farouk, C.N. Haas, CFD design approach for chlorine disinfection processes, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 96 (2004) 138–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I.A. Hannoun, P.F. Boulos, E.J. List, Using hydraulic modeling to optimize contact time, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 90 (1998) 77–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.R. Heathcote, B.E. Drage, Development of an ozone disinfection contactor using a physical scale-model, Ozone Sci. Eng. 17 (1995) 15–24.10.1080/01919519508547575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.J. Henry, E.M. Freeman, Finite element analysis and T-10 optimization of ozone contactors, Ozone Sci. Eng. 17 (1995) 587–606.10.1080/01919512.1995.10555771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, third ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• J.H. Kim, M.S. Elovitz, U. von Gunten, H.M. Shukairy, B.J. Mariñas, Modeling Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate in a flow-through ozone contactor treating natural water, Water Res. 41 (2007) 467–475.10.1016/j.watres.2006.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X.D. Tian, P.J.W. Roberts, A 3D LIF system for turbulent buoyant jet flows, Exp. Fluids 35 (2003) 636–647.10.1007/s00348-003-0714-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Kong, J. Zhu, C. Zhang, Catalytic ozone decomposition in a gas–solids circulating fluidized-bed riser, Chem. Eng. Technol. 37 (2014) 435–444.10.1002/ceat.201300163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Kim, T. Stoesser, J.H. Kim, The effect of baffle spacing on hydrodynamics and solute transport in serpentine contact tanks, J. Hydraul. Res. 51 (2013) 558–568.10.1080/00221686.2013.777681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Tang, K. Adu-Sarkodie, D. Kim, J.H. Kim, S. Teefy, H.M. Shukairy, B.J. Mariñas, Modeling Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate formation in a full-scale ozone contactor, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 9343–9350.10.1021/es050345n
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar