Rational argument, rational inference

References

• Adams , E. W. 1998 . A Primer of Probability Logic , Stanford , CA : CSLI Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. 1990 . The Adaptive Character of Human Thought , Hillsdale , NJ : LEA .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. C. , Chinn , C. , Chang , J. , Waggoner , M. and Yi , H. 1997 . On the Logical Integrity of Children's Arguments . Cognition and Instruction , 15 : 135 – 167 . (doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1502_1)
   Google Scholar
• Bailenson , J. 2001 . Contrast Ratio: Shifting Burden of Proof in Informal Arguments . Discourse Processes , 32 : 29 – 41 . (doi:10.1207/S15326950DP3201_02)
   Google Scholar
• Bailenson , J. N. and Rips , L. J. 1996 . Informal Reasoning and Burden of Proof . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 10 : S3 – S16 . (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199611)10:7<3::AID-ACP434>3.0.CO;2-7)
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , J. 2003 . A Philosophical Guide to Conditionals , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bovens , L. and Hartmann , S. 2003 . Bayesian Epistemology , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braine , M. D.S. and O'Brien , D. P. 1991 . A Theory of If: A Lexical Entry, Reasoning Program, and Pragmatic Principles . Psychological Review , 98 : 182 – 203 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.182)
   Google Scholar
• Chater , N. and Oaksford , M. 2008 . The Probabilistic Mind: Prospects for Bayesian Cognitive Science , Edited by: Chater , N. and Oaksford , M. Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chater , N. , Oaksford , M. , Heit , E. and Hahn , U. 2010 . “ Inductive Logic and Empirical Psychology ” . In The Handbook of Philosophical Logic , Edited by: Hartmann , S. and Woods , J. Vol. 10 , Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Christmann , U. , Mischo , C. and Groeben , N. 2000 . Components of the Evaluation of Integrity Violations in Argumentative Discussions: Relevant Factors and their Relationships . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 19 : 315 – 341 . (doi:10.1177/0261927X00019003003)
   Google Scholar
• Corner , A. J. and Hahn , U. 2009 . Evaluating Science Arguments: Evidence, Uncertainty & Argument Strength . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 15 : 199 – 212 . (doi:10.1037/a0016533)
   Google Scholar
• Corner , A. , Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2011 . The Psychological Mechanism of the Slippery Slope Argument . Journal of Memory and Language , 64 : 153 – 170 . (doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.10.002)
   Google Scholar
• Driver , R. , Newton , P. and Osborne , J. 2000 . Establishing the Norms of Scientific Argumentation in Classrooms . Science Education , 84 : 287 – 312 . (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(200005)84:3<287::AID-SCE1>3.0.CO;2-A)
   Google Scholar
• Earman , J. 1992 . Bayes or Bust? , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edgington , D. 1995 . “ On Conditionals ” . In Mind Vol. 104 , 235 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• van Eemeren , F. H. and Grootendorst , R. 2004 . A Systematic Theory of Argumentation – The Pragma-Dialectical Approach , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• van Eemeren , F. H. , Garssen , B. and Meuffels , B. 2009 . Fallacies and Judgments of Reasonableness: Empirical Research Concerning the Pragma-Dialectical Discussion Rules , Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• van Eemeren , F. H. , Garssen , B. and Meuffels , B. 2012 . The Disguised Abusive Ad Hominem Empirically Investigated: Strategic Maneuvering with Direct Personal Attacks . Thinking and Reasoning , 18 : 344 – 346 . (doi:10.1080/13546783.2012.678666)
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St.B.T. and Over , D. E. 2004 . If , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Falkenhainer , B. , Forbus , K. and Gentner , D. 1989 . The Structure-Mapping Engine: Algorithm and Examples . Artificial Intelligence , 41 : 1 – 63 . (doi:10.1016/0004-3702(89)90077-5)
   Google Scholar
• Fodor , J. A. 1975 . The Language of Thought , New York : Thomas Y. Crowell .
   Google Scholar
• Fodor , J. 1983 . The Modularity of Mind , MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• French , R. 1995 . The Subtlety of Sameness: A Theory and Computer Model of Analogy-Making , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gentner , D. 1983 . Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy . Cognitive Science , 7 ( 2 ) : 155 – 170 . (doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0702_3)
   Google Scholar
• Gentner , D. 1989 . “ The Mechanisms of Analogical Transfer ” . In Similarity and Analogical Reasoning , Edited by: Vosniadou , S. and Ortony , A. 199 – 242 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glassner , A. , Weinstock , M. and Neuman , Y. 2005 . Pupils’ evaluation and generation of evidence and explanation in argumentation . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 : 105 – 118 . (doi:10.1348/000709904X22278)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. 2009 . Explaining More by Drawing On Less’, Commentary on Oaksford, M. and Chater, N . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 32 : 90 – 91 . (doi:10.1017/S0140525X09000351)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. 2011 . The Problem of Circularity in Evidence, Argument and Explanation . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 6 : 172 – 182 . (doi:10.1177/1745691611400240)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2006a . A Bayesian Approach to Informal Argument Fallacies . Synthese , 152 : 207 – 236 . (doi:10.1007/s11229-005-5233-2)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2006b . Why a Normative Theory of Argument Strength and Why Might One Want It to be Bayesian? . Informal Logic , 26 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2007a . The Rationality of Informal Argumentation: A Bayesian Approach to Reasoning Fallacies . Psychological Review , 114 : 704 – 732 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.3.704)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2007b . The Burden of Proof and its Role in Argumentation . Argumentation , 21 : 39 – 61 . (doi:10.1007/s10503-007-9022-6)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2012 . “ Rational Argument ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning , Edited by: Holyoak , R. and Morrison , K. 277 – 300 . Oxford : Oxford university Press, pp .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. , Harris , A. J.L. and Corner , A. J. 2009 . Argument Content and Argument Source: An Exploration . Informal Logic , 29 : 337 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. , Oaksford , M. and Bayindir , H. ‘How convinced should we be by Negative Evidence?’ in . Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , Edited by: Bara , B. , Barsalou , L. and Bucciarelli , M. pp. 887 – 892) . Mahwah , N.J : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. , Oaksford , M. and Harris , A. J.L. 2012 . “ Testimony and Argument: A Bayesian Perspective ” . In Bayesian Argumentation , Edited by: Zenker , F. Springer Library .
   Google Scholar
• Hamblin , C. L. 1970 . Fallacies , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , A. J.L. and Hahn , U. 2009 . Bayesian Rationality in Evaluating Multiple Testimonies: Incorporating the Role of Coherence . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 35 : 1366 – 1373 . (doi:10.1037/a0016567)
   Google Scholar
• Harris , A. J.L. , Hsu , A. S. and Madsen , J. K. 2012 . Because Hitler Did It! Quantitative Tests of Bayesian Argumentation Using Ad Hominem . Thinking & Reasoning , 18 : 311 – 343 . (doi:10.1080/13546783.2012.670753)
   Google Scholar
• Heit , E. 1998 . “ A Bayesian Analysis of Some Forms of Inductive Reasoning ” . In Rational Models of Cognition , Edited by: Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 248 – 274 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heit , E. 2007 . “ What is induction and why study it? ” . In Inductive Reasoning: experimental, developmental and computational approaches , Edited by: Feeney , A. and Heit , E. New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heit , E. and Rotello , C. M. 2010 . Relations Between Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 36 : 805 – 812 . (doi:10.1037/a0018784)
   Google Scholar
• Henle , M. 1962 . On the Relation Between Logic and Thinking . Psychological Review , 69 : 366 – 378 . (doi:10.1037/h0042043)
   Google Scholar
• Hoeken , H. , Timmers , R. and Schellens , P J . 2012 . Arguing about desirable consequences: What constitutes a convincing argument? . Thinking & Reasoning , 18 : 394 – 416 . (doi:10.1080/13546783.2012.669986)
   Google Scholar
• Hofstadter , D. 1995 . Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Holyoak , K. J. and Thagard , P. 1989 . Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction . Cognitive Science , 13 : 295 – 355 . (doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1303_1)
   Google Scholar
• Hornikx , J. and Hahn , U. 2012 . Inference and Argument . Thinking and Reasoning , 18 : 225 – 243 . (doi:10.1080/13546783.2012.674715)
   Google Scholar
• Howson , C. and Urbach , P. 1996 . Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach , Chicago : Open Court .
   Google Scholar
• Hummel , J. E. and Holyoak , K. J. 1997 . Distributed Representations of Structure: A Theory of Analogical Access and Mapping . Psychological Review , 104 : 427 – 466 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.104.3.427)
   Google Scholar
• Keane , M. T. , Ledgeway , T. and Duff , S. 1994 . Constraints on Analogical Mapping: A Comparison of Three Models . Cognitive Science , 18 : 387 – 438 . (doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1803_2)
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , C. and Tenenbaum , J. B. 2009 . Structured Statistical Models of Inductive Reasoning . Psychological Review , 116 : 20 – 58 . (doi:10.1037/a0014282)
   Google Scholar
• Klaczynski , P. 2000 . Motivated Scientific Reasoning Biases, Epistemological Biases, and Theory Polarisation: A Two Process Approach to Adolescent Cognition . Child Development , 71 : 1347 – 1366 . (doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00232)
   Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. , Stahl , C. and Erdfelder , E. 2007 . The Abstract Selection Task: New Data and an Almost Comprehensive Model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 33 : 680 – 703 . (doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.680)
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. 1989 . Children and Adults as Intuitive Scientists . Psychological Review , 96 : 674 – 689 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.674)
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. 1991 . The Skills of Argument , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. 1993 . Science as Argument: Implications for Teaching and Learning Scientific Thinking . Science Education , 77 : 319 – 337 . (doi:10.1002/sce.3730770306)
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. and Udell , W. 2003 . The Development of Argument Skills . Child Development , 74 : 1245 – 1260 . (doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00605)
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. , Cheney , R. and Weinstock , M. 2000 . The Development of Epistemological Under-Standing . Cognitive Development , 15 : 309 – 328 . (doi:10.1016/S0885-2014(00)00030-7)
   Google Scholar
• Lagnado , D. A. , Fenton , N. and Neil , M. 2012 . Legal idioms: a framework for evidential reasoning . Argument and Computation , online first
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , C. R.M. , Ferreira , V. S. , Mikkelsen , L. A. , McDermott , K. J. and Skrable , R. P. 2001 . Do Conditional Statements Target Rare Events? . Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes , 85 : 291 – 309 . (doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2947)
   Google Scholar
• Means , M. L. and Voss , J. F. 1996 . Who Reasons Well? Two Studies of Informal Reasoning among Children of Different Grade, Ability, and Knowledge Levels . Cognition and Instruction , 14 : 139 – 179 . (doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1402_1)
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , Y. , Weinstock , M. P. and Glasner , A. 2006 . The Effect of Contextual Factors on the Judgment of Informal Reasoning Fallacies . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 59 ( A ) : 411 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 1991 . Against Logicist Cognitive Science . Mind and Language , 6 : 1 – 38 . (doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1991.tb00173.x)
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 1994 . A Rational Analysis of the Selection Task as Optimal Data Selection . Psychological Review , 101 : 608 – 631 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.608)
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 1998 . Rational Models of Cognition , Edited by: Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 2007 . Bayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to Human Reasoning , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. , Chater , N. and Larkin , J. 2000 . Probabilities and Polarity Biases in Conditional Inference . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 26 : 883 – 889 . (doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.4.883)
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Hahn , U. 2004 . A Bayesian Approach to the Argument from Ignorance . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58 : 75 – 85 . (doi:10.1037/h0085798)
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Hahn , U. 2007 . “ Induction, Deduction and Argument Strength in Human Reasoning and Argumentation ” . In Inductive Reasoning , Edited by: Feeney , A. and Heit , E. 269 – 301 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Hahn , U. in press . “ Why Are We Convinced by the Ad Hominem Argument?: Bayesian Source Reliability or Pragma-Dialectical Discussion Rules. ” . In Bayesian Argumentation , Edited by: Zenker , F. Springer Library .
   Google Scholar
• Oberauer , K. 2006 . Reasoning with Conditionals: A Test of Formal Models of Four Theories . Cognitive Psychology , 53 : 238 – 283 . (doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.04.001)
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , D. J. 1977 . Two Concepts of Argument . The Journal of the American Forensic Association , XIII : 121 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsson , E. J. 2005 . Against Coherence: Truth, Probability, and Justification , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osherson , D. , Smith , E. E. , Wilkie , O. , Lopez , A. and Shafir , E. 1990 . Category Based Induction . Psychological Review , 97 : 185 – 200 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.185)
   Google Scholar
• Pearl , J. 1988 . Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems , San Mateo , CA : Morgan Kaufman .
   Google Scholar
• Rips , L. 1975 . Inductive Judgements about Natural Categories . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 14 : 665 – 681 . (doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80055-7)
   Google Scholar
• Rips , L. J. 1998 . Reasoning and Conversation . Psychological Review , 105 : 411 – 441 . (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.3.411)
   Google Scholar
• Rips , L. J. 2001a . Two Kinds of Reasoning . Psychological Science , 12 : 129 – 134 . (doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00322)
   Google Scholar
• Rips , L. J. 2001b . “ Reasoning Imperialism ” . In Common Sense, Reasoning, and Rationality , Edited by: Elio , R. 215 – 235 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rips , L. J. 2002 . Circular Reasoning . Cognitive Science , 26 : 767 – 795 . (doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2606_3)
   Google Scholar
• Sadler , T. D. 2004 . Informal Reasoning Regarding Socioscientific Issues: A Critical Review of Research . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 41 : 513 – 536 . (doi:10.1002/tea.20009)
   Google Scholar
• Schroyens , W. and Schaeken , W. A. 2003 . A Critique of Oaksford Chater and Larkin's (2000) Conditional Probability Model of Conditional Reasoning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 29 : 140 – 149 . (doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.140)
   Google Scholar
• Tenenbaum , J. B. , Kemp , C. and Shafto , P. 2007 . “ Theory-Based Bayesian Models of Inductive Reasoning ” . In Inductive Reasoning , Edited by: Feeney , A. and Heit , E. Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Toulmin , S. 1958 . The Uses of Argument , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walton , D. N. 1995 . A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy , Tuscaloosa/London : The University of Alabama Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1972 . Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content , London : Batsford .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , J. W. 2004 . The Death of Argument: Fallacies in Agent Based Reasoning , (Applied Logic Series; Vol. 32) Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , J. and Osherson , D. 2010 . Updating Beliefs in Light of Uncertain Evidence: Descriptive Assessment of Jeffrey's Rule . Thinking & Reasoning , 16 ( 4 ) : 288 – 307 . (doi:10.1080/13546783.2010.521695)
   Google Scholar