Assessing fluency: are the criteria fair?

References

• Bortfeld , H. , Leon , S. , Bloom , J. , Schober , M. and Brennan , S. 2001 . Disfluency Rates in Conversation: Effects of Age, Relationship, Topic, Role, and Gender . Language and Speech , 44 ( 2 ) : 123 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer , C. E. 2003 . Word Searches in NNS–NS Interaction: Opportunities for Language Learning? . The Modern Language Journal , 87 ( 4 ) : 534 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , F. 1997 . What Do We Mean by Fluency? . System , 25 ( 4 ) : 535 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , H. H. 2002 . Speaking in Time . Speech Communication , 36 ( 1–2 ) : 5 – 13 . doi: 10.1016/S0167-6393(01)00022-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derwing , T. , Munro , M. and Thomson , R. 2008 . A Longitudinal Study of ESL learners’ Fluency and Comprehensibility Development . Applied Linguistics , 29 ( 3 ) : 359 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derwing , T. , Rossiter , M. , Munro , M. and Thomson , R. 2004 . Second Language Fluency: Judgments on Different Tasks . Language Learning , 54 ( 4 ) : 655 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskey , D. 1983 . Meanwhile, Back in the Real World...: Accuracy and Fluency in Second Language Teaching . TESOL Quarterly , 17 ( 2 ) : 315 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillmore , C. J. 1979 . “ On Fluency ” . In Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior , Edited by: Fillmore , C. J. , Kempler , D. and Wang , W. 85 – 101 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freed , B. F. 1995 . “ What Makes Us Think That Students Who Study Abroad Become Fluent? ” . In Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context , Edited by: Freed , B. F. 123 – 148 . Amsterdam : John Benjamin .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. 2001 . When Listeners Talk , Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Gatbonton , E. and Segalowitz , N. 2005 . Rethinking Communicative Language Teaching: A Focus on Access to Fluency . Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes , 61 ( 3 ) : 325 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman-Eisler , F. 1968 . Psycholinguistics: Experiments in Spontaneous Speech , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , C. 1981 . Conversational Organization: Interaction between Speakers and Hearers , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guillot , M.-N. 1999 . Fluency and Its Teaching , Clevedon , , England : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Hilton , H. 2008 . The Link between Vocabulary Knowledge and Spoken L2 Fluency . The Language Learning Journal , 36 ( 2 ) : 153 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson , G. 1984 . Notes on a Systematic Deployment of the Acknowledgement Tokens “Yeah”; and “Mm Hm” . Research on Language & Social Interaction , 17 ( 2 ) : 197 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Kormos , J. and Dénes , M. 2004 . Exploring Measures and Perceptions of Fluency in the Speech of Second Language Learners . System , 32 ( 2 ) : 145 – 164 . doi: 10.1016/j.system.2004.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Lennon , P. 1990 . Investigating Fluency in EFL: A Quantitative Approach . Language Learning , 40 ( 3 ) : 387 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon , P. 2000 . “ The Lexical Element in Spoken Second Language Fluency ” . In Perspectives on Fluency , Edited by: Riggenbach , H. 25 – 42 . Michigan : The University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. 1989 . Speaking from Intention to Articulation , Cambridge , MASS : M.I.T Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre , P. D. , Clément , R. , Dörnyei , Z. and Noels , K. A. 1998 . Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation . The Modern Language Journal , 82 ( 4 ) : 545 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy , M. 2010 . Spoken Fluency Revisited . English Profile Journal , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Mushin , I. and Gardner , R. 2008 . Silence is Talk: Conversational Silence in Australian Aboriginal Talk-in-Interaction . Journal of Pragmatics , 41 ( 10 ) : 2033 – 2052 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nation , P. 1989 . Improving Speaking Fluency . System , 17 ( 3 ) : 377 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Oviatt, S. (1994). Interface techniques for minimizing disfluent input to spoken language systems. Paper presented at the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 94). (pp. 205–210), Boston, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ranta, L., and T. M. Derwing. 2000. “Accuracy, Fluency and Learner Style.” Paper presented at the meeting of the American Association of Applied Linguistics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Raupach , M. 1980 . “ Temporal Variables in First and Second Language Speech Production ” . In Temporal Variables in Speech , Edited by: Dechert , H. W. and Raupach , M. 263 – 270 . Mouton : The Hague .
   Google Scholar
• Riggenbach , H. 1991 . Toward an Understanding of Fluency: A Microanalysis of Nonnative Speaker Conversations . Discourse Processes , 14 ( 4 ) : 423 – 441 . doi: 10.1080/01638539109544795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks , H. , Schegloff , E. A. and Jefferson , G. 1974 . A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation . Language , 50 ( 4 ) : 696 – 735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. 1979 . “ The Relevance of Repair to Syntax-for-Conversation ” . In Syntax and Semantics , Edited by: Givón , T. Vol. 12 , 261 – 286 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. 1984 . “ On Some Questions and Ambiguities in Conversation ” . In Structures of Social Action , Edited by: Heritage , J. A. J. 28 – 52 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. 1990 . “ On the Organization of Sequences as a Source of ‘coherence’ in Talk-in-Interaction ” . In Conversational Organization and Its Development , Edited by: Dorval , B. 51 – 77 . Norwood , NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. 1996 . “ Turn Organization: One Intersection of Grammar and Interaction ” . In Interaction and Grammar , Edited by: Ochs , E. , Schegloff , E. A. and Thompson , S. 52 – 133 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. 2007 . Sequence Organization in Interaction , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. 2010 . Some Other” Uh (M)” S . Discourse Processes: A Multidisciplinary Journal , 47 ( 2 ) : 45
   Google Scholar
• Schegloff , E. A. , Jefferson , G. and Sacks , H. 1977 . The Preference for Self-Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation . Language , 53 ( 2 ) : 361 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. 1992 . Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Second Language Fluency . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 14 ( 4 ) : 357 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Towell , R. , Hawkins , R. and Bazergui , N. 1996 . The Development of Fluency in Advanced Learners of French . Applied Linguistics , 17 ( 1 ) : 84 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennerstrom , A. 2000 . “ The Role of Intonation in Second Language Fluency ” . In Perspectives on Fluency , Edited by: Riggenbach , H. 102 – 127 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar