1,176
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The differential impacts of socioeconomic status on vulnerability in urban contexts: a probit analysis of older women in the United States

&
Pages 56-76 | Received 22 Jun 2020, Accepted 27 Mar 2022, Published online: 17 May 2022

References

  • Abraham R, Kumar K. 2008. Multidimensional poverty and vulnerability. Econ Polit Wkly. 43(20):79–87.
  • Aguirre D, Hoteit L, Rupp C, Sabbagh K. 2012. Empowering the third billion: women and the world of work in 2012. New York: Booz and Company.
  • Altonji J, Blank R. 1999. Race and gender in the labour market. In: Ashenfelter OC, Card D, editors. Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3C). Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier, North-Holland; p. 3143–3259.
  • Autor D, Katz L, Kearney M. 2008. Trends in U.S. wage inequality: revising the revisionists. Rev Econ Stat. 90(2):300–323. doi:10.1162/rest.90.2.300.
  • Bianchi S. 2011. Family change and time allocation in American families. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 638(1):21–44. doi:10.1177/0002716211413731.
  • Blau F, Kahn L. 2013. Female labor supply: why is the United States falling behind? Am Econ Rev. 103(3):251–256. doi:10.1257/aer.103.3.251.
  • Blau F, Kahn L. 2017. The gender wage gap: extent, trends, and explanations. J Econ Lit. 55(3):789–865. doi:10.1257/jel.20160995.
  • Biyase M, Zwane T. 2018. An empirical analysis of the determinants of poverty and household welfare in South Africa. J Dev Areas. 52(1):116–130. doi:10.1353/jda.2018.0008.
  • Calvo C. 2008. Vulnerability to multidimensional poverty: Peru, 1998-2002. World Dev Elsevier. 36(6):1011–1020. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.001.
  • Carnevale A, Smith N, Gulish A. 2018. Women can’t win: despite making educational gains and pursuing high-wage majors, women still earn less than men. Washington DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
  • Congressional Research Service. 2019. Social security: revisiting benefits for spouses and survivors. CRS Report R41479. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Correll S, Benard S, Paik I. 2007. Getting a job: is there a motherhood penalty? Am J Sociol. 112(5):1297–1338. doi:10.1086/511799.
  • Dercon S, Krishnan P. 2000. Vulnerability, seasonality and poverty in Ethiopia. J Dev Stud. 36(6):25–53. doi:10.1080/00220380008422653.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. 2015. Big cities and the highly educated: what’s the connection? In: Business Review. Vol. Q3. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank; p. 10–15.
  • Feeny S, McDonald L. 2016. Vulnerability to multidimensional poverty: findings from households in Melanesia. J Dev Stud. 52(3):447–464. doi:10.1080/00220388.2015.1075974.
  • Flabbi L, Moro A. 2012. The effect of job flexibility on female labor market outcomes: estimates from a search and bargaining model. J Econom. 168(1):81–95. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.09.003.
  • Gallardo M. 2018. Identifying vulnerability to poverty: a critical survey. J Econ Surv. 32(4):1074–1105. doi:10.1111/joes.12216.
  • Gayle G, Golan L, Miller R. 2012. Gender differences in executive compensation and job mobility. J Labor Econ. 30(4):829–872. doi:10.1086/666615.
  • Goldin C. 2014. A grand gender convergence: its last chapter. Am Econ Rev. 104(4):1091–1119. doi:10.1257/aer.104.4.1091.
  • Goldin C. 2015a. A pollution theory of discrimination: male and female occupations and earnings. Human capital in history: the American record. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press; p. 313–348.
  • Goldin C. 2015b. Hours flexibility and the gender gap in pay. Washington DC: Center for American Progress.
  • Goldin C, Rouse C. 2000. Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of “blind” auditions on female musicians. Am Econ Rev. 90(4):715–741. doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.715.
  • Hersch J. 2006. Sex discrimination in the labor market. Found Trends Microeconomics. 2(4):281–361. doi:10.1561/0700000007.
  • Holden K, Zick C. 2000. An assessment of the wealth holdings of recent widows. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 55: S90–S97.
  • Ilinca S, Rodrigues R, Schmidt A, Zolyomi E. 2016. Gender and social class inequalities in active ageing: policy meets theory. Vienna: European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research.
  • IPUMS. 2012. 2008-12 Industry Codes (IND). accessed 2020 May 8; https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/08indus.shtml
  • Johnson R, Gosselin P. 2018. How secure is employment at older ages? New York: Urban Institute.
  • Keith K, McWilliams A. 1995. The wage effects of cumulative job mobility. ILR Review. 49(1):121–137. doi:10.1177/001979399504900108.
  • Carlsson M, Eriksson S. 2019. Age discrimination in hiring decisions: evidence from a field experiment in the labor market. Labour Econ. 59:173–183. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.03.002.
  • McCulloch N, Calandrino M. 2003. Vulnerability and chronic poverty in rural Sichuan. World Dev Elsevier. 31(3):611–628. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00216-4.
  • Milli J, Huang Y, Hartmann H, Hayes J. 2017. The impact of equal pay on poverty and the economy. Washington DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
  • Mincer J, Polachek S. 1974. Family investments in human capital: earnings of women. J Political Econ. 82(2):S76–S108. doi:10.1086/260293.
  • Monge-Naranjo A, Sohail F. 2015. Age and gender differences in long-term unemployment: before and after the Great Recession. Economic Synopses, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Issue 26. https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedles/00052.html
  • Morduch J. 1994. Poverty and vulnerability. Am Econ Rev. 84(2):221–225.
  • Neumark D, Burn I, Button P. 2019. Is it harder for older workers to find jobs? New and improved evidence from a field experiment. J Political Econ. 127(2):922–970. doi:10.1086/701029.
  • Royalty A. 1996. The effects of job turnover on the training of men and women. ILR Review. 49(3):506–521. doi:10.1177/001979399604900308.
  • Schanzenbach DW, Nunn R. 2017. The 51%: driving growth through women’s economic participation. Washington DC: The Brookings Institute. The Hamilton Project.
  • Schmidt L, Sevak P. 2006. Gender, marriage, and asset accumulation in the United States. Fem Econ. 12(1–2):139–166. doi:10.1080/13545700500508445.
  • Sedefoglu G, Akay E. 2016. Determinants of poverty on household characteristics in Turkey: a heteroskedastic probit model. The Empirical Econ Lett. 15(6):555–563.
  • Sen A. 1976. Poverty: an ordinal approach to measurement. Econometrica. 44(2):219–231. doi:10.2307/1912718.
  • Sicherman N. 1996. Gender differences in departures from a large firm. ILR Review. 49(3):484–505. doi:10.1177/001979399604900307.
  • United States Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2020. Gross domestic product by MSA [Data file]. accessed 2020 Feb 8; https://www.bea.gov/
  • United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2019 March 22. The economics daily: women had higher median earnings than men in relatively few occupations in 2018. accessed 2020 Jun 9; https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/women-had-higher-median-earnings-than-men-in-relatively-few-occupations-in-2018.htm
  • United States Census Bureau. 2019. American Community Survey 2013-2017 5-year estimates [Data file and data dictionary]. accessed 2020 Feb 9; https://www.census.gov/data.html
  • United States Congress. 2016. Gender pay inequality: consequences for women, families and the economy. A report by the joint economic committee democratic staff. Washington DC: United States Congress.
  • United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 2019. Age discrimination in Employment Act [dataset]. accessed 2020 May 19; https://www.eeoc.gov/enforcement/age-discrimination-employment-act-charges-filed-eeoc-includes-concurrent-charges-title
  • United States Internal Revenue Service. 2020. Information for retirement plans. [accessed 2020 Jan 17]; https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/plan-participant-employee/retirement-topics
  • Vlachantoni A. 2012. Financial inequality and gender in older people. Maturitas. 72(2):104–107. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.015.
  • Webber G, Williams C. 2008. Mothers in “good” and “bad” part-time jobs: different problems, same results. Gender Soc. 22(6):752–777. doi:10.1177/0891243208325698.
  • Whelan C, Maitre B. 2005. Economic vulnerability, multidimensional deprivation and social cohesion in an enlarged European community. Int J Comp Sociol. 46(3):215–239. doi:10.1177/0020715205058942.
  • World Bank. 2019. Global database of shared prosperity [Data file]. accessed 2020 Jan 7; https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity
  • Yuh Y. 2011. Assessing adequacy of retirement income for U.S. households: a replacement ratio approach. The Geneva papers on risk and insurance. Issues and Pract. 36:304–323.