Unfolding the challenges of delegating research services for innovation and entrepreneurship in smallholder agriculture

References

• Abington , J.B. The Hill Research Programme of the Hill Agriculture Research Project: a working model of a competitive grant fund . Competitive grants in the new millennium: a global workshop for designers and practitioners proceedings Brasília . May 16–18 2000 . Edited by: Becker Reifschneider , F.J. , Byerlee , D.R. and de Souza , F.B. pp. 129 – 142 . Brazil : Brasília: Embrapa/IDB/The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Ashby , J.A. and Sperling , L. 1995 . Institutionalizing participatory, client-driven research and technology development in agriculture . Development and Change , 26 : 753 – 770 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbie , E.R. 1992 . The practice of social research , 6th , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Birdsall , N. , Mahgoub , A. and Savedoff , W.D. 2010 . Cash on delivery: a new approach to foreign aid. CGD Brief November 2010 , Washington, DC : Centre for Global Development .
   Google Scholar
• Braben , D.W. 2002 . Blue skies research and the global economy . Physica A , 314 : 768 – 773 .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , D. 1998 . The role of funding agencies in the cognitive development of science . Research Policy , 27 : 807 – 821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun , D. 2003 . Lasting tensions in research policy-making – a delegation problem . Science and Public Policy , 30 : 309 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , A. and Charmaz , K. 2007 . Handbook of grounded theory , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Brinkerhoff , D.W. Financing agricultural research in Africa: the sustainable financing initiative . Competitive grants in the new millennium: a global workshop for designers and practitioners proceedings Brasília . May 16–18 2000 . Edited by: Becker Reifschneider , F.J. , Byerlee , D.R. and de Souza , F.B. pp. 49 – 66 . Brazil : Brasília: Embrapa/IDB/The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Chan Kim , W. and Mauborgne , R. 2004 . “ Blue-ocean strategy ” . In Harvard Business Review 76 – 84 . October 2004
   Google Scholar
• Chan Kim , W. and Mauborgne , R. 2005 . Blue-ocean strategy: how to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant , Boston : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Echeverría , R.G. 1998 . “ Will competitive funding improve the performance of agricultural research? ” . In ISNAR Working Paper No. 98-16 , The Hague: International Services for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) .
   Google Scholar
• Echeverria , R.G. and Elliott , H. 2002 . “ Financing agricultural research by competitive funds ” . In Agricultural research policy in an era of privatisation , Edited by: Byerlee , D. and Echeverria , R.G. 265 – 285 . New York : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , H. and Echeverría , R.G. Characteristics of successful agricultural research competitive grants programs . Competitive grants in the new millennium: a global workshop for designers and practitioners proceedings Brasília . May 16–18 2000 . Edited by: Becker Reifschneider , F.J. , Byerlee , D.R. and de Souza , F.B. pp. 191 – 204 . Brazil : Brasília: Embrapa/IDB/The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , K.A. 2010 . Pulling agricultural innovation and the market together , Washington, DC : Centre for Global Development . CGD Working Paper 215
   Google Scholar
• García , E. and Sanz-Menéndez , L. 2005 . Competition for funding as an indicator of research competitiveness . Scientometrics , 64 : 271 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B.G. and Strauss , A.L. 1967 . The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research , Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , A. , Bockett , G. , Taylor , S. and Sivamohan , M.V.K. 2001 . Why research partnership really matter: innovation theory, institutional arrangements and implications for developing new technology for the poor . World Development , 29 : 783 – 797 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , A. , Dijkman , J. and Sulaiman , R.V. 2009 . Rethinking investment in agricultural innovation , 1 – 4 . Hyderabad, , India : Learning Innovation and Knowledge . Link look September 2009
   Google Scholar
• Hall , A. and Clark , N. 2010 . What do complex adaptive systems look like and what are the implications for innovation policy? . Journal of International Development , 22 : 308 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamel , G. and Prahalad , C.K. 1989 . Collaborate with your competitors and win . Harvard Business Review , January–February
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heemskerk , W. , Lema , N. , Wennink , B. and Gotoechan-Hodounou , H. 2009 . “ Alternative funding mechanisms for local innovation systems ” . In Innovation Africa: enriching farmers' livelihoods , Edited by: Sanginga , P. , Waters-Bayer , A. , Kaaria , S. , Njuki , J. and Wettasinha , C. 203 – 219 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Huffman , W.E. and Evenson , R.E. 2006 . Do formula or competitive grant funds have greater impacts on state agricultural productiviety? . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 88 : 783 – 798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , W. 1998 . “ Alternative funding mechanisms: how changes in the public sector affect agricultural research ” . In Financing agricultural research: a sourcebook , Edited by: Tabor , S.R. , Janssen , W. and Bruneau , H. 137 – 160 . The Hague : International Services for National Agricultural Research .
   Google Scholar
• Klerkx , L. and Leeuwis , C. 2008a . Institutionalizing end-user demand steering in agricultural R&D: farmer levy funding of R&D in The Netherlands . Research Policy , 37 : 460 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerkx , L. and Leeuwis , C. 2008b . Delegation of authority in research funding to networks: experiences with a multiple goal boundary organization . Science and Public Policy , 53 : 183 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Lepori , B. , van den Besselaar , P. , Dinges , M. , Poti , B. , Reale , E. , Slipersæter , S. , Theves , J. and van der Meulen , G. 2007 . Comparing the evolution of national research policies: what patterns of change? . Science and Public Policy , 34 : 372 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Lepori , B. 2011 . Coordination modes in public funding systems . Research Policy , 40 : 355 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R.L. and Osberg , S. 2007 . Social entrepreneurship: the case for definition , 29 – 39 . Stanford Social Innovation Review . Spring 2007
   Google Scholar
• Masters , W.A. and Delbecq , B. 2008 . “ Accelerating innovation with prize rewards ” . In Discussion Paper 835 , Washington, DC : International Food Policy Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Merrill-Sands , D.M , Biggs , S.D. , Bingen , R.J. , Ewell , P.T. , McAllister , J.L. and Poats , S.V. 1991 . Institutional considerations in strengthening on-farm client-oriented research in national agricultural research systems: lessons from a nine-country study . Experimental Agriculture , 27 : 343 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant , L.P. and Hambly-Odame , H. 2006 . Multi-stakeholder deliberation on dialectical divides: an operational principle of the Systems of Innovation . Knowledge Management for Development Journal , 2 : 60 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Pant , L.P. 2009 . Innovation systems in agriculture: managing stakeholder interaction for learning and innovation in the 21^st century , Guelph, , Canada : Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Guelph .
   Google Scholar
• Pant , L.P. and Hambly-Odame , H. 2009a . Innovation systems in renewable natural resource management and sustainable agriculture . African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development , 1 : 103 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Pant , L.P. and Hambly-Odame , H. 2009b . The promise of positive deviants: bridging divides between scientific research and local practices in smallholder agriculture . Knowledge Management for Development Journal , 5 : 160 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Poti , B. and Reale , E. 2007 . Changing allocation models for public research funding: an empirical exploration based on project funding data . Science and Public Policy , 34 : 417 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E.M. 2003 . Diffusion of innovation , 5th , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , N. 1982 . Inside the black box: technology and economics , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ruttan , V.W. 1959 . Usher and Schumpeter on invention, innovation and technological change . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 73 : 596 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumpeter , J. 1939 . Business Cycles , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , S.M. 2002 . 24/7 Innovation. A Blueprint for Surviving and Thriving in an Age of Change , New York : MacGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Slipersæter , S. , Lepori , B. and Dinges , M. 2007 . Between policy and science: research council's responsiveness in Austria, Norway and Switzerland . Science and Public Policy , 34 : 401 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparling , D. and Cook , R. 2000 . “ Strategic alliances and joint ventures under NAFTA: concepts and evidence ” . In Policy harmonization and adjustment in the North American agricultural and food industry: proceedings of the Fifth Agricultural and Food Policy Systems Information Workshop , Edited by: Loyns , R.M.A. , Knutson , R.D. , Meilke , K. and Yunez-Naude , A. 68 – 94 . United States/Canada/Mexico : Texas A&M University/University of Guelph/El Colegio de Mexico .
   Google Scholar
• Spradley , J. 1980 . Participant observation , New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Sunderland , J.A. , Mathema , S.B. , Thapa , T.B. and Pandey , S.P. 2004 . Encouragement of effective research and development partnerships through a process of competitive funding in Nepal . Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 9 : 150 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• UNDP . Human Development Report 2009 , New York, 2009 : United Nations Development Programme .
   Google Scholar
• Vera-Cruz , A.O. , Dutrenit , G. , Ekboir , J. , Martinez , G. and Torres-Vargas , A. 2008 . Virtues and limits of competitive funds to finance research and innovation: the case of Mexican agriculture . Science and Public Policy , 35 : 501 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Wallance , A.F.C. 1982 . The social context of innovation: bureaucrats, families, and heroes in the early industrial revolution, as foreseen in Bacon's New Atlantis , New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wongtschowski, M., Triomphe, B., Krone, A., Waters-Bayer, A., and van Veldhuizen, L., 2010. Towards a farmer-governed approach to agricultural research for development [online]. Paper presented at Conference on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Food, 28 June--1 July 2010 Montpellier, France. http://www.isda2010.net/var/isda2010/storage/original/application/dbd28c4409af660dab81a257c2b00212.pdf (http://www.isda2010.net/var/isda2010/storage/original/application/dbd28c4409af660dab81a257c2b00212.pdf) (Accessed: 20 July 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2006 . Enhancing agricultural innovation: how to go beyond the strengthening of research systems , Washington, DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar