The antioxidant and antisenescence activities of physically refined rice bran oil surpass those of the combination of γ-oryzanol, α-tocopherol and sitosterol

References

• Arab, F., Alemzadeh, I., & Maghsoudi, V. (2011). Determination of antioxidant component and activity of rice bran extract. Scientia Iranica, 18(6), 1402–1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aranda, A., Sequedo, L., Tolosa, L., Quintas, G., Burello, E., Castell, J. V., & Gombau, L. (2013). Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay: A quantitative method for oxidative stress assessment of nanoparticle-treated cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 27(2), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardiansyah, Shirakawa, H., Koseki, T., Ohinata, K., Hashizume, K., & Komai, M. (2006). Rice bran fractions improve blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(5), 1914–1920. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052561l
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryusuk, K., Puengtham, J., Lilitchan, S., Jeyashoke, N., & Krisnangkura, K. (2008). Effects of crude rice bran oil components on alkali-refining loss. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 85(5), 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-008-1215-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnhart, C. D., Yang, D. R., & Lein, P. J. (2015). Using the Morris water maze to assess spatial learning and memory in weanling mice. PloS One, 10(4), e0124521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bumrungpert, A., Chongsuwat, R., Phosat, C., & Butacnum, A. (2019). Rice bran oil containing gamma-oryzanol improves lipid profiles and antioxidant status in hyperlipidemic subjects: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 25(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2018.0212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. W., & Cheng, H. H. (2006). A rice bran oil diet increases LDL-receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expressions and insulin sensitivity in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(6), 1472–1476. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.6.1472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Z. L., (2004). Fecal steroid excretion of rats fed rice bran oil and oryzanol [LSU Master’s Theses]. 4303.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, M. L., & Vega-López, S. (2005). Efficacy and safety of sitosterol in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews, 23(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3466.2005.tb00157.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman, M. (2013). Rice brans, rice bran oils, and rice hulls: Composition, food and industrial uses, and bioactivities in humans, animals, and cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(45), 10626–10641. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403635v
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junyusen, T., Chatchavanthatri, N., Liplap, P., Junyusen, P., Phan, V. M., & Nawong, S. (2022). Effects of extraction processes on the oxidative stability, bioactive phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity of crude rice bran oil. Foods, 11(8), 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. W., Kim, J. B., Cho, S. M., Cho, I. K., Li, Q. X., Jang, H. H., Lee, S. H., Lee, Y. M., & Hwang, K. A. (2015). Characterization and quantification of γ-oryzanol in grains of 16 Korean rice varieties. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 66(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2014.971226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R. J., Liu, R. R., Shi, L. K., Zhang, Z. Y., Zhang, T., Lu, M. Y., Chang, M., Jin, Q. Z., & Wang, X. G. (2019). Effect of refining process on physicochemical parameters, chemical compositions and in vitro antioxidant activities of rice bran oil. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 109, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R. R., Xu, Y., Chang, M., Tang, L., Lu, M. Y., Liu, R. J., Jin, Q. Z., & Wang, X. G. (2020). Antioxidant interaction of α-tocopherol, γ-oryzanol and phytosterol in rice bran oil. Food Chemistry, 343, 128431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R. R., Xu, Y., Zhang, T., Gong, M. Y., Liu, R. J., Chang, M., & Wang, X. G. (2022). Interactions between liposoluble antioxidants: A critical review. Food Research International, 155, 111104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. L., Zhang, H. B., Yi, C. P., Quan, K., & Lin, B. P. (2021). Chemical composition, structure, physicochemical and functional properties of rice bran dietary fiber modified by cellulase treatment. Food Chemistry, 342, 128352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, X. X., Liu, C., Liu, S. S., Li, Y. X., Wang, W. Y., Li, K., Hua, F., Cui, B., Zhang, X. W., Yu, J. J., Yu, J. M., & Hu, Z. W. (2022). The cell cycle inhibitor P21 promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing lung alveolar regeneration. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B, 12(2), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maszewska, M., Florowska, A., Dłużewska, E., Wronia, M., Marciniak, K., & Żbikowska, A. (2018). Oxidative stability of selected edible oils. Molecules, 23(7), 1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, P., & Munné-Bosch, S. (2019). Vitamin E in plants: Biosynthesis, transport, and function. Trends in Plant Science, 24(11), 1040–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, K. L., & Chin, K. Y. (2019). The role of tocotrienol in protecting against metabolic diseases. Molecules, 24(5), 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestana-Bauer, V. R., Zambiazi, R. C., Mendonça, C., Beneito-Cambra, M., & Ramis-Ramos, G. (2012). γ-Oryzanol and tocopherol contents in residues of rice bran oil refining. Food Chemistry, 134(3), 1479–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramazani, E., Akaberi, M., Emami, S. A., & Tayarani-Najaran, Z. (2021). Biological and pharmacological effects of gamma-oryzanol: An updated review of the molecular mechanisms. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 27(19), 2299–2316. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201102101428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieber, M., & Chandel, N. S. (2014). ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Current Biology, 24(10), R453–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., & Godber, J. S. (1999). Purification and identification of components of γ-Oryzanol in rice bran oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(7), 2724–2728. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf981175j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., Hua, N., & Godber, J. S. (2001). Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ-Oryzanol components from rice bran against cholesterol oxidation accelerated by 2,2‘-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(4), 2077–2081. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0012852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C., Chen, Z. Y., Wong, S. L., Liu, J., Liang, Y. T., Lau, C. W., Lee, H. K., Huang, Y., & Tsang, S. Y. (2013). β-Sitosterol oxidation products attenuate vasorelaxation by increasing reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2. Cardiovascular Research, 97(3), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvs370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar